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Eukaryotic Gene Expression (Post transcriptional regulation (Protein…
Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Post transcriptional regulation
Protein processing/degredation
Last chance to control gene expression after translation
Proteins have to be chemically modified after translation to be functional
Selective degradation – ubiquitin – triggers destruction of proteins
RNA processing
Almost all protein coding genes use alt. splicing
Initiation of translation and mRNA degradation (gene expression usually during initiation of translation)
Global control = translation of all mRNAs at once
miRNAs/siRNAs are small interfering RNAs
Regulation of chromatin structure
Nucleosome
Basic unit of chromatin
8 histones encircled by double helix
Chromatin makes DNA compact
Chemical changes in histone proteins or DNA can change gene expression
Histone acetylation - opens chromatin, promotes transcription
DNA methylation - less condensation of chromatin/transcription
Changes in chromatin passed down through epigenetic inheritance
Regulation of transcription initiation
Transcription factors
Enhancers/specific factors
Bind to control elements close to/far away from promoter
Proximal (close to)
Enhancers (farther away)
Factors @ the promoter
General transcription always act at the promoter of genes