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Genetics (Mutations (causes of mutations (Mutagen (certain chemicals,…

- - - - certain chemicals
      - ultraviolet light
      - X-rays
      - radiation
    - - Deletion
    - - insertion mutations
    - - insertion sequences
      - transposon
  - - - then becomes sexual mutation
  - - - its nature
      - its position
      - its extent
    - - typically not important
    - - significant
  - - - too efficient
      - inefficient
- - - - one character is studied
    - - F1 or first filial gneration
        
        F2
    - - Two identical alleles
      - RR or rr
      - complete dominant
    - - two different alleles
      - Rr
    - - makes pink due to incomplete dominance
  - - - 1 out of 4 is TT
      - 2 out of 4 is Tt
      - 1 out of 4 is tt
      - 3/4 of plants have dominate gene
  - - - plant fertilizes itself
    - - explains pheno/genotype probability
      - explains 1.2.1
  - - - completely dominant
    - - homozygous kept pure by selfing
  - - - x1,x2.x3,x4...
      - not RR,Rr,rr,,
- - - - selective advantage of reproduction
        
        sexual
        
        asexual
      - chemical basis of genetic inheritance
        
        gene
- - - - common for frequent crossing over
    - - crossing over may not occur
  - - - may not under go independent assortment
      - instead considered linked
    - - formed from crossing over
    - - no crossing over
      - similar to parent chromosomes
    - - physical spacing between genes on chromosome
      - microscopes can't see crossing over occuring
        
        crossing over inferred by
        
        percentage of recombinant phenotype
    - - recombination percentage
      - 1% = one map unite
      - or one centimorgan
- - - - become dormant at maturity
- - - - Act as Substrate for DNA polymerase
      - Semiconservative replication
    - - ligated
- - - - both parents alleles transmitted equally
      - all genes in nucleus undergo
    - - sperm cell loses most of its cytoplasm
      - only sperm nucleus enters egg
    - - zygote receives all its
        
        plastids from mother
        
        mitochondrion genomes from mother
      - maternal inheritance
    - - numerous mitochondria
      - mitochondria may have received diverse alleles
      - hard to see effects on phenotype
      - plants can
        
        grow slow
        
        die
    - - different colored spots or regions
      - regions that should be green
  - - - respiration,DNA replications, cellulose synthesis
      - homozygous = death
        
        can die young
        
        can die during fertilization
  - - - more than two sets of chromosomes
      - even ploidy levels
        
        can undergo meiosis
        
        are fertile
      - odd ploidy levels
        
        plant is sterile
      - deleterious mutations have little effect
        
        does not effect survival
    - - occurs during second meiosis division
      - two chromatids fail to disjoin
      - one daughter cell receives both chromosomes
      - others receive none