Edexel IGCSE Chemistry
The periodic table and bonding
Inorganic chemistry
Equations, calculations and electrolysis
Organic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Particles and mixtures
States of matter
Solids
The particles vibrate
The hotter a solid becomes the more they will vibrate
Cauding the solid to expand slightly when made hotter
The particles dont move from their positions
All solids keep a definite shape
And volume
Solids have strong forces of attraction between particles
This holds close together in close proximity and fixed positions
They form a very regular lattice arrangement
Gasses
The particles move constantly
Gases eithe rexpand when heated, or their pressure increases
The hotter the gas gets the faster the particles move
Random motion
Gases dont keep a definate shape or volume
Will always fit any container
In gasses the forces of attraction is incredibly weak
They are far apart and are very free to move around
The gas particles move in straight lines
Not within close proximity of other particles
Liquids
Liquid particles constantly move with a random motion
Heated liquid causes the liquid itself to expand
The hotter the liquid the faster they would move
Liquids have a definite volume
They will flow to fill the bottom of a container
They don't keep a definite shape
Liquids have a weak force of attraction between particles
Tend to stick closely together
Free to move about and past each other
Randomly arranged
Movement of particles
'DIFFUSION' is the movement of particles through a liquid or gas
Diffusion it the gradual movement of particles from place where there is a high concentration of them.
To an area where there is a lesser concentration of them
It is the natural tendency for stuff to spread out.
Key experiments For diffusion
Potassium Magnate (VII) and water
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click to edit
Highly beneficial because its bright purple
- Beaker of water
- Place some Potassium magnate into the beaker
- The purple color will slowly start to spread out to fill the beaker
This is a great example of seeing diffusion happen
Ionic bonding
Ions are charged particles
Single atoms or groups of atoms
Negative ions form when atoms gain electrons
Positive ions form when atoms loose electrons
Positive loses
Negative gains
Covalent bonding
Atoms sometimes make covalent by sharing pairs of electrons for each atoms
Each covalent bond provides one extra shared electron for each atom
In covalent bonding, there's a strong electrostatic attraction between the negativity charged shared electrons and positively charged nuclei of the atoms involved
Isomers
Crude oil
Organic compounds
Naming organic compounds
Cracking
Burning hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Production of ethanol
Carboxylic acids
esters
Addition ploymers
Polyesters