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70 year-old female with viral infection in her lungs (what will happen if…
70 year-old female with viral infection in her lungs
Respiratory System
Upper respiratory
nose
main conducting passageway for inhaled air
nasal cavity
warm, cleanse, and humidify air as it enters the respiratory tract
Pharynx
funnel-shaped passageway that is located posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and
larynx
lower respiratory
larynx
cylindrical airway that is continuous with the laryngopharynx and the trachea
serves as a passageway for air
prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract
produces sound for speech
assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity through the Valsalva maneuver
larynx is held in place by nine cartilages
the single thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis cartilages, and the
paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
Epiglottis
anchored to the inner aspect of the thyroid cartilage
closes over the laryngeal inlet during
swallowing
bronchioles
smallest airways of bronchial tree
bronchi
largest airways of bronchial tree
consist of main, lobar and smaller bronchi
alveolar ducts
lead into alveolar sacs
trachea
tubular organ that extends inferiorly through the neck from the larynx
15 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes
carina
located at the bifurcation of the main bronchi
can induce coughing
layers that form the wall
mucosa, the submucosa, the
tracheal cartilage, and the adventitia
inside lines with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
alveoli
simple squamous alveolar type I cell
95% of alveolar surface area
moist and prone to collapse due
to high surface tension
cuboidal-shaped alveolar type II cell
secrete pulmonary surfactant
opposes surface tension and
prevents the collapse of alveoli
alveolar macrophage
leukocyte that may be either fixed or free
engulf any microorganisms or particulate material that reaches the alveoli
respiratory membrane
thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas
exchange between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a capillary
endothelium and its basement membrane
Lungs
located within the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum
Each lung has a wide, concave base that rests upon the diaphragm, and an apex that is superior and posterior
to the clavicle
Hilum
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels, and the pulmonary plexus autonomic nerves pass through here
right lung is larger and wider than the left lung, and is subdivided into three lobes; the left lung has only
two lobes
alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli
Alveolar pores
openings between adjacent alveoli that provide for collateral ventilation of alveoli
Boyle’s law
states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases
partial pressure
pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and is measured in mm Hg
Total pressure multiplied by the percentage of the specific gas is equal to the partial pressure of that gas
partial pressures relevant for understanding respiratory gas exchange are PO2 and PCO2
PO2 in the alveoli is 13.7% lower than in the atmosphere
Higher altitudes have lower atmospheric pressures, so Partial pressures will change to keep the percentage correct
PCO2 is 5.2% higher than in the atmosphere
Dalton’s law
states that the sum of all partial pressures is equal to the total atmospheric pressure
Henry’s law
states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial
pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid
effects of inflammation on the respiratory system
irreversible loss of pulmonary gas exchange surface area
inefficiency of O2 and CO2 diffusion during alveolar gas exchange, because they are dependent upon the surface area and the minimal thickness of the respiratory membrane
widespread destruction of pulmonary elastic connective tissue
emphysema
leads to dilation and fusing together of alveoli
lack of surface area leads to a buildup of deoxygenated air in the lungs
Factors
Old age
can also exhibit confusion or a lower than normal body temperature
viral infection
most likely cause of Pneumonia
change in elevation
change in partial pressure
symptoms
fast shallow breathing
lack of elasticity
wet, wheezy cough
due to brochoconstriction
what will happen if untreated
cough
fever
difficulty breathing
weakness
chills
increased heart rate
chest pain while inhaling
tissue swelling
accumulated fluid and leukocytes within the lung
increases
the thickness of the respiratory membrane
some viral pneumonia cases go away on their own
death
interactions between her respiratory system and other systems
Gas exchange might be affected
insufficient oxygen to deliver to tissues
kidneys may produce excess of EPO due to insufficient oxygen
immune
ramps up immune
cardio
stresses the heart
low blood pressure
treatments
anti-viral
steroids
pain or fever reducers
rest
increase fluid intake
respiratory therapy
oxygen therapy
Moved to Denver
higher elevation than what she is used to
lower atmospheric pressure
Age 70
Come in contact with virus
no inter-relationships