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70-year old female patient is having difficulty breathing. (Partial…
70-year old female patient is having difficulty breathing.
Lung Anatomy
cells
type 2 cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
dust cells/ macrophages
secretes mucus and adheres to inhaled particles
organs/ structures
trachea (windpipe)
conducts air
bronchi
conducts air
bronchioles
conducts air and allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
parietal pleura
outer membrane attached to inner surface of thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
delicate membrane that covers each lung
lobes
delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
alveoli
allow gas exchange through bloodstream
pulmonary artery
transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs
pulmonary vein
transports oxygenated blood to the heart
alveolar duct
gas exchange
diaphragm
contracts when you inhale
alveolar sac
sacs that exchange gas.
Respiratory Physiology Alveoli
Alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow rapid gas exchange. O2 & CO2 molecules to and from the bloodstream.
effects of inflammation
laryngitis. viral or bacterial infections is the main cause due to overusing your voice that can lead to sore throat, fever, or hoarse voice. inflammation and swelling of epiglottis in children that can lead to air way construction.
inflammation within air passageways is triggered and bronchioles constrict allowing it to become more narrow and lead to asthma
Partial Pressure
force excerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and measured as mmHg.
total pressure; sum of all partial pressures
ventilation; inspiration and exhalation
oxygen levels at a higher elevation can decrease its partial presssure. air compresses down on us which also means that air is denser or thinner and less oxygen to breathe.
Gas Laws
Dalton
concentration of gases does change as the pressure and volume of gas mixture exchange. gases move down their pressure gradient or differences through diffusion.
Boyle
relationship between pressure and volume. if pressure is greater in lungs than the outside, air rushes out and if the opposite occurs, then air rushes in.
Henry
solubility of gas relates to its diffusion. how gases will dissolve in the alveoli or bloodstream during gas exchange. the amount of oxygen that dissolves into bloodstream is directly proportional to partial pressure.
factors of the women do seem to connect to one another and why this had occured.
she moved to a higher altitude state that she is not used, nor her lungs
since air sacs do allow a passive gas exchange, bacterial and viruses can also pass through which can cause pneumonia, making it difficult to breath.
showed symptoms of breathing complications.
Factors
viral infection
air sacs in the lungs got infected and inflammed and filled up with fluid which leads to difficult breathing.
fluid in the lungs
poor oxygenation of blood resulting in breathing difficulties . complications on gas exchange. no air in lungs
wet, wheezy cough
there is an excess of mucus production in the bronchiole tubes that led to a lung infection
showed symptoms of wheezing
fast-shallow breathing
low blood oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide levels; also feel short of breathing in oxygen and anxious.
cause of factors
there was an inflammation in the air sac lungs that may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungi infections.
if untreated, it can quickly range to a serious case and lead to respiratory failure or death.
Respiratory & other Systems
Immune
a person with a normal healthy immune system are able to recover from pneumonia but in this case, the old women as a weak immune system resulting a risk of pneumonia.
circulatory
having a fast heartbeat may be linked to a higher fever, caused by pneumonia. the infection spread into the women's lungs
cardiovascular
possibly the women was at high cardiovascular risk resulting in complications such as heart failure.
respiratory
once infection got into the lungs, inflammation was caused by the air sacs and filled with fluid like in the case of the old women. breathing difficulties and shallow were one out of all factors the women was experiencing.