Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
7.0 Microbial Aspects (MICROBIAL MONITORING (Virus (Cell culture,…
7.0 Microbial Aspects
-
OCCURANCE
-
-
The concentration of pathogen in raw water can be estimated from concentration of pathogens in waste water
Faecel indicator bacteria, such as E.Coli always present at high concentration in waste water
Discharge water is diluted in receiving surface water leading to reduce pathogen number with the dilution factor
-
-
EMERGING ISSUES
Global changes, human development, population growth and climate change influence water disease risk
-
Zoonatic pathogen pose the greatest challenge to ensure the safety of drinking water and ambient water
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
-
Waterborne pathogen that contaminated through drinking water can lead to severe and life threatening. Eg: cholera, hepatitis, thyphoid.
Effects and exposure to pathogens are not the same for all individuals . Not all infected individuals will develop symptomatic infections.
-
REFERENCE PATHOGENS
VIRUSES
-
Example: Rotaviruses, enteroviruses, and noroviruses
BACTERIA
-
-
Example: Vibrio, Campylobacter, E.coli O157, Salmonella and Shigella
-
-
-
TREATMENT OF PATHOGENS
CENTRAL TREATMENT
-
-
For example : poor quality surface water require multiple treatments stages. Eg: coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection
The case that efficacy for microbial reduction differ among the microbial groups so different treatment process are needed.
There are positive and negative interactions occur between multiple steps and these can affect the overall of water quality.
HOUSEHOLD TREATMENT
Membrane, porous ceramic or composite filters -
1.Porous ceramic and carbon block filtration
2.Membrane filtration
3.Fiber and fabric filtration
-
-
Granular media filter
-
-
Rapid granular, diatomaceous earth, biomass and fossil fuel - based filter
-
-
Coagulation, precipitation and / or sedimentation - Simple sedimentation
Coagulation, precipitation and / or sedimentation approaches - Flocculation plus disinfection systems