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Cultural Exchanges in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Christine de…
Cultural Exchanges in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
The Columbian Exchange
85-95% population decrease in Americas by 17th century
Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia
Double Headed Serpent (ca. 1510)
Aztec
Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Teotihuacan
can be seen as the heirs of Montezuma II
showing they (the aztecs) were powerful before Cortes
two heads of the snake show dualism
fundamental part of Aztec religion
nature
man
Christine de Pizan (1364- ca. 1430)
From Venice
Moves to Paris to be with her father at the court of French King
writes 30 books after both her father and husband die
"Lady Reason"
expresses achievements women in the past have overcome
chases away any doubts women might have about themselves
Many scholars argue whether or not there was a renaissance for women but it has been proven to be untrue
The Book of the City of Ladies (1405)
The Florentine Republic (1494-1512)
Medici family
republic was established due to the failure of this family
dominated in Florence
were in control because they were rich due to trading and banking
failed to stop the French from invading Italy in 1494
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
wrote
"The Prince"
(1513)
wanted to show the behaviors a prince should have and how he should act
Principality: “a wise prince must devise ways by which his citizens are always and in all circumstances dependent on him and his authority” (ch. 9)
known to create modern political theory or science
"Discourses on Livy" (1514-1519)
Republicanism: “the multitude is wiser and more constant than a prince"
European Renaissance
The Vernacular: Petrarch (Sonnets, 1327-1368)
The Revival of Learning
Technology: The Gutenberg Bible (Johannes Gutenberg, Mainz, ca. 1455) in moveable metal type
Language: The Polyglot Bible (Spain: 1502-1517) in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic
Texts: The Aldine Press (Venice, 1495-1597), printed editions of Greek and Roman classic
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
can be seen as the start of the Reformation
(1517) posted his 95 Theses onto the door of the church
used the printing press to his advantage by using them to help spread his word
called out the Roman Catholic Church for attempting sell indulgences
sends it to the Archbishop of Main
helped translate the Bible from Latin into German
so the German could read it as well
later he was charged for changing the Bible
Charles V later had him labeled as a notorious heretic
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
astronomer
saved Aristotle's idea that the planets orbit around the Sun
went against Ptolemy's geocentric model inherited from the Romans and the Greeks
created the heliocentric model to help prove his belief
Many people argued over whether he was correct or not. Either way people started to change the way they viewed science.
beginning of the Scientific Revolution
Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) and La Malinche (ca. 1496/1501-ca. 1529/50)
(1519) Cortes was given Malinche in Tabasco where he conquered the Indians
Malinche
slave
wife
translator
Marches to Tenochtitlan (1519)
take over Aztec ruler Montezuma II
got him and held him hostage
(1520) aztecs rebelling
Cortes soldiers fought back and many drowned and died in battle
"the night of sadness"
Montezuma then killed
After conquering the Aztec empire, Cortes brought the smallpox epidemic which spread throughout Tenochtitlan
Many Aztecs died
Benin Bronze Plaques
Oba (King) Esigie (ca. 1504-1550)
Trade in copper and bronze manillas and guns esp. from 1550’s—Portuguese, English, Dutch
show battles won by the Benin ruler the "Oba" and the rituals of the court
show both peaceful and bloody times