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The Emergence of the Modern (Neolithic Revolution: Agriculture Emerges…

- - - - Buddhism and the Silk Roads:
        Monks spread Mahayana Buddhism along the overland Silk Roads.
        Theravada Buddhism expanded along maritime trade routes (the Maritime Silk Road) to the southeast into Southeast Asia.
        
        Islam and the Silk Roads:
        Islam began with the "recitations" by the angel Gabriel to the prophet Mohammed in 610 in a cave near the city of Mecca.
        Writings in classical Arabic that were a kind of third testament to the "People of the Book" (Jews, Christians, and Moslems).
        Islam spread rapidly un the southern half of the old Roman Empire and then into Persia and along the Silk Road into Afghanistan and India
        
        Mongol Empire (1206-1368):
        Unified under Genghis Khan in 1206.
        Continued after his death (1227) to expand into China, Islamic territories and Europe.
        Mixture of religions, including Nestorian, Christianity, and Buddhism. The Mongols end Abbasid Rule and the Islamic Caliphate. Increasingly converted to Islam and began to use Persian in Arabic script to rule.
        By the late 13th century, the empire, the largest in HISTORY, breaking apart due to civil wars.
        Finally destroyed by the BLACK PLAGUE (1330s-1350s) and the Ming Rebellion (1368) in China.
        
        Islamic World System (1200-1350):
        Islamic Beliefs- Islam is a complex religion, and like Christianity it has many different forms of practice. Most Moslems, however, believe in what are called the "Five Pillars"
        
        Monotheism- a statement of belief in one God called the Shahadah
        
        Prayer 5 times per day of Salat
        
        Fasting during the month of Ramadan called Sawm
        
        Charity or Zakat
        
        Pilgrimage or the Hajj to the Holy city of Mecca
        The mosque is a center of prayer but is not connected to the other mosques.
        
        Abraham Cresques (1325-1387):
        Majorcan Cartographer
        Prepared maps and compasses for Pedro iv of Aragon
        On his map was, Palma, Majorca, and an island part of the kingdom of Aragon
        Son of Sefardic Rabbi
        Mixture of portolan sea chart and didactic medieval mappa mundi
        Rectangular map
        Designed the "illuminated Manuscript Fahri Bible"
        
        Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406):
        Wrote "The Science of Civilization" that predated Comte and Sociology by 500 years.
        His ideas predated Durkheim on Social Cohesion by 550 years and Mills' insight into Sociology as the intersection of the individual, society, and history by 600 years.
        Famous Muslim historian.
        Teacher at Al-Azhar University.
        Wrote the first world history from a Muslim perspective called Muqaddimah.
        Developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations - strong, weak, dissolute. Islamic writer in Tunis, North Africa.
        Parents die because of the plague.
        Worried about the disruptions caused by the plague, including disrupting the Saharan trade routes for gold.
        
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- - - - Piri Relis:
        Produced a map incorporating Islamic and Western knowledge that showed all the known world.
        An Ottoman admiral, geographer, and cartographer who wrote "Book of the Sea".
        "The Book of the Sea" contained 129 chapters, each with a map incorporating all Islamic and Western knowledge of the seas and navigation.
        It also described harbors, tides, dangerous rocks and shores, and storm areas.
        His map from 1513 shows the Atlantic, the America, the Caribbean, South America, and the Portuguese Empire.
        Took part in the Battle of Zonchio and the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt in 1516 to 1517.
        
        Ming Banknote (1400):
        Paper money that represents one of the most revolutionary inventions ever, but is only reliable if the issuer of it is stable and reliable, otherwise its value can collapse.
        Until this point people used coins.
        Powerful tool in maintaining a powerful state.
        Ming Dynasty had to reorder the state and currency- goal was that children should be able to read, write, and count.
        This created an imperial board of revenue which handled the problems.
        Had to keep worth of currency in tact so they backed the money with copper coins.
        Experienced problems with the money's worth so they printed more money leading to inflation and the money was worthless.
        
        Piece of Eight (1573-1598): Standard Spanish silver coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire, so called because it was worth 8 reales.
        
        Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558):
        At a meeting in Worms Germany in 1520, Demanded Luther recant his teachings, he refused, order the arrest and execution of Martin Luther.
        1500-1558 ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and much of the Americas.
        
        Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566): The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566.
        Also known as "The Lawgiver".
        He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
        Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law.
        
        Ming Dynasty (1368-1644):
        Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China from 1368 to 1644
        Initially mounted huge trade expeditions to Southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
        A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century.
        It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and, Southeast Asia
        
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- - - - Benin Plaque: Shows aspects of Benin court life in the 16th century, shortly after Europe's first contact with West Africa.
        The plaques show how the people of Benin perceived the Portuguese traders and their soldiers, with their pointed noses, thin faces and beards and strange clothes.
        
        Double Headed Serpent:
        The time during the huge European expansion because of the new developments in ship building.
        Created in Aztec, present day Mexico.
        Describes the Aztec world and the Spanish conquest of this culture.
        This serpent is made from tiny pieces of turquoise, that color was particularly highly valued.
        Warned or carried during religious ceremonies during AD 1400-1600.
        Snakes are scared to the Aztecs as they were a symbol of the feathered serpent God, Quetzalcoatl.
        It represents that the Aztec empire was a powerful one and they controlled most of the resources to strengthen their political authority.
        
        Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527):
        Wrote The Prince (1513), the first modern manual of politics. It was a very secular text based on reality and practical politics.
        Believed the end justifies the means.
        Renaissance humanist who promoted secularism in politics: Scholar and statesman whose The Prince eschewed traditional Christian views of the responsibilities of political leaders to focus instead on the acquisition and maintenance of power for its own sake.
        
        Martin Luther and the Reformation:
        Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his "95 Theses", which protested the pope's sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences.
        In 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated.
        
        Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543):
        Was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.
        
        Heliocentrism: The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it.
        
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