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Unit 10: Respiratory System (definitions of lung capacity terminology (The…
Unit 10: Respiratory System
Major functions of the
respiratory system
obtain oxygen from the external environment and supply it to the cells and to remove from the body the carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
Allows us to breathe and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.
The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.
Pulmonary ventilation, air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities
Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through, external respiration
The bloodstream delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste carbon dioxide through internal respiration
Phonation, the creation of sound by structures in the upper respiratory tract of the respiratory system.
anatomy of the respiratory tract/ organs of the respiratory system and location
The upper airways or upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal folds
The lower airways or lower respiratory tract includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal folds, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
The upper respiratory tract is made up of the:
Nose
The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first section of the body's airway the respiratory tract through which air moves. The function of the nasal cavity is to warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs.
Nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is the uppermost part of the respiratory system and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of the respiratory tract.
Sinuses
When air enters the sinuses from the nasal cavities, mucus formed by the muscosae drains into the nasal cavities.
Larynx
The larynx is a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract connecting the pharynx to the trachea in the neck
Trachea
The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air,.
The lower respiratory tract is made up of the
Lungs
The lungs take in oxygen. The cells of your body's cells need oxygen to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cells.
Bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchi are the main passageway into the lungs. The bronchi become smaller the closer they get to the lung tissue and are then considered bronchioles. These passageways then evolve into tiny air sacs called alveoli, which is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the respiratory system.
Air sacs (alveoli)
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in your lungs that take up the oxygen you breathe in and keep your body going. Although they're microscopic, alveoli are the workhorses of your respiratory system.
differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi
The right main bronchus is wider and shorter than the left main bronchus. The right main bronchus subdivides into three lobar bronchi and the left main bronchus divides into two.
The lobar bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, also known as segmentalinic bronchi, each of which supplies a bronchopulmonary segment.
The segmental bronchi divide into many primary bronchioles that divide into terminal bronchioles, each of which then gives rise to several respiratory bronchioles, which go on to divide into and terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Bronchoconstriction is the tightening of the smooth muscle of the bronchi from a variety of causes, which makes it more difficult to breathe.
The right lung is shorter, because the liver sits high, tucked under the ribcase, but it is broader than the left.
The left lung is smaller because of the space taken up by the heart
Each lung is separated into lobes branching off the main bronchus; the right lung has three lobes, while the left has only two lobes.
breathing mechanism
Breathing occurs when the contraction or relaxation of muscles around the lungs changes the total volume of air within the air passages
Inspiration occurs when the inspiratory muscles, the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract.
Causes an increase in the size of the thoracic cavity, while contraction of the external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs and sternum
Gases move from regions of high pressure to low pressure, air rushes into the lungs.
Expiration occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax. In response, the elastic fibers in lung tissue cause the lungs to recoil to their original volume
The pressure of the air inside the lungs then increases above the air pressure outside the body, and air rushes out.
During high rates of ventilation, expiration is facilitated by contraction of the expiratory muscles
definitions of lung capacity terminology
The tidal volume (TV),is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
The expiratory reserve volume (ERV), is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
Residual volume (RV), is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.
The total lung capacity (TLC), is the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs
The vital capacity (VC), is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling
The inspiratory capacity (IC), is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired
The functional residual capacity (FRC), is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
internal and
external respiration
External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air.
External respiration refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the lungs.
Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells.
Internal respiration refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues
disorders of the respiratory system
Asthma is defined as a common, chronic respiratory condition that causes difficulty breathing due to inflammation of the airways. Asthma symptoms include dry cough, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an umbrella term that encompasses several respiratory illnesses that cause breathlessness, or the inability to exhale normally.
Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD emphasized by a chronic cough.
Lung Cancer is developed in any part of the lungs, this cancer is difficult to detect. Most often, the cancer develops in the main part of the lungs near the air sacs. DNA mutations in the lungs cause irregular cells to multiply and create an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, or a tumor.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that creates thick and sticky mucus that clogs up tubes and passageways.
Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by an infection in the air sacs in the lungs. The infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal