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70 year-old female patient with Pneumonia (Lung anatomy from cells to…
70 year-old female patient with Pneumonia
Lung anatomy from cells to organs:
Alveolar cells Type I
Simple squamous epithelium
Alveolar cells Type II
Surfactant
Prevents collapse of alveoli
Alveoli
Alveolar Ducts
Respiratory Bronchile
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Respiratory physiology at the alveoli level:
Partial Pressure of oxygen is high in the alveoli
It is low in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries
Air in the enviroment gets infused with the air in the anatomic dead space in the respiratory tract
Oxygen diffuses from the blood/hemoglobin into the alveoli
More water is in the alveoli since humidity is higher
Alveolar gas exchange occurs when the respiratory gases are exchanged b/w:
Alveoli
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Gas laws that describe the diffusion of gases across membranes:
Boyle's Law:
Pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases
Henry's Law:
Solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid
Solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon partial pressure of gas in the air
Dalton's Law:
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The concepts of partial pressure & how elevation affects partial pressure:
Partial Pressure:
Measured in mmHg
Pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases
High altitude effect P.P by decreasing partial pressure of the atmosphere & the oxygen
When inhaling, less pressure goes into the lungs
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The effects of inflammation on the respiratory system:
RHSP:
Redness
Heat
Swelling
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Indirect Cause:
Wet cough
Shallow breathing
Wheezy Cough
Viral infection
Viral pneumonia
Age
Fluid in the lungs
Direct Cause:
Moving to Colorado
Drastic weather & elevation change
Breathing difficulty
Interactions b/w respiratory & other systems:
Respiratory System:
Gas exchange is obstructed due to fluid
Unable to think properly
Difficulty making decisions
Nervous System:
Slower reflexes
Less neuron activity
Unable to concentrate
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Why she has fast, shallow breathing, wet. wheezy cough & fluid in the lungs:
Air sacs in the alveoli are filled with fluid
Improper gas exchange
Leading to carbon dioxide not leaving the tissues in the body into the atmosphere
If left untreated:
Respiratory failure
Death
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
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Age, location, & presence of viral infection:
Weaker immune system due to her age
Weakened immune system = more prone to infections/sickness/viral infections
Drastic change in weather & elevation
TX to CO
Upstream Causes:
Downstream Effects: