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Violence Nursing Process (Interventions (Pharmacological Interventions -…
Violence Nursing Process
Assessment
Predictors (Signs and Symptoms) of Violence
Hyperactivity (e.g. pacing, restlessness)
Increasing anxiety and tension: clenched jaw or fist, rigid posture, fixed or tense facial expression, mumbling to self (patient may have shortness of breath, sweating, and rapid pulse)
Verbal abuse: profanity, argumentativeness
Loud voice, change of pitch, or a very soft voice, forcing others to strain to hear
Stone silence
Intense eye contact or avoidance of eye contact
Recent acts of violence, including property violence
Alcohol or drug intoxication
Possession of a weapon or object that may be used as a weapon (e.g. fork, knife, rock)
Isolation that is uncharacteristic
Milieu Characteristics Conducive to Violence
Overcrowding
Staff inexperience
Provocative or controlling staff
Poor limit setting
Arbitrary revocation of privileges
Subjective Data
Assess the patient's history of aggression and violence
Identify the patient's triggers
Assessment Guidelines
1) A history of violence is the single best predictor of future violence.
2) Patients who are delusional, hyperactive, impulsive, or predisposed to irritability are at higher risk of violence.
3) Major factors associated with violence can be assessed with these questions:
Does the patient have a wish or intent to harm?
Does the patient have a plan?
Does the patient have the means available to carry out the plan?
Does the patient have demographic risk factors: male gender, aged 14-24 years, low socioeconomic status, inadequate support system, and prison time?
4) Aggression by patients occurs most often in the context of limit-setting by the nurse.
5) History of limited coping skills, including lack of assertiveness or use of intimidation, indicates a higher risk of using violence.
Outcomes Identification
Risk for self-directed violence
Expresses feeling, verbalizes suicidal ideas, refrains from suicide attempts, plans for the future
Ineffective coping
Identifies ineffective and effective coping, uses support system, uses new coping strategies, engages in personal action to manage stressors effectively
Risk for other-directed violence
Identifies when angry, identifies alternative to aggression, refrains from verbal outbursts, avoids violating others' personal space, maintains self-control
Stress overload
Expresses feelings constructively, reports feelings of calmness and acceptance; physical symptoms of stress are reduced or absent; decision making is optimal
Patient will redirect anger into socially appropriate behaviors.
Patient will verbalize frustration and anger appropriately
Patient will demonstrate self-control.
Patient will utilize coping strategies as necessary.
Patient will verbalize an understanding of own behavior and precipitating factors and will implement measure to prevent violent behavior in the future.
The patient will remain safe from injury.
DSM-5 Criteria
There is no DSM-5 diagnosis criteria for violence as it is not an actual diagnosis rather an objectable act that results from anger and aggression.
Evaluation
The patient redirects anger into socially appropriate behaviors.
The patient verbalizes frustration and anger appropriately.
The patient demonstrates self-control, as evidenced by relaxed posture and nonviolent behavior.
The patient verbalizes an understanding of own behavior and precipitating factors and implements measures to prevent violent behavior.
The patient remained safe from injury and did not injure others.
Interventions
Pharmacological Interventions - Acute Management
1st Generation Antipsychotics
Haloperidol (Haldol)
Perphenazine
Chlorpramazine (Thorazine)
Loxapine (Adasuve)
2nd Generation Antipsychotics
Risperidone (Risperidal)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa, Zydis)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Antianxiety Agents (Benzodiazepines)
DRUG OF CHOICE = Lorazepam (Ativan)
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Diazepam (Valium)
Combinations of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines may also be ordered IM.
All pharmacological interventions are used on a PRN basis.
Administer PRN medications to control violent behavior when appropriate.
Help the patient identify coping strategies and find more acceptable ways to express feelings.
Pharmacological Interventions - Long-Term Management
Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Gabapentin
Benzodiazepines
2nd Generation Antipsychotics
Beta-blockers
Assess for signs and symptoms of labile or escalating emotions
Assist the patient in identifying feelings of violence.
Determine possible causes of violent behavior.
Maintain a quiet, nonthreatening physical environment.
Implement the use of restraints and seclusion as necessary and only when appropriate.
Apply anger control assistance techniques to assist the patient in facilitation of the expression of anger in an adaptive, nonviolent manner.
Psychosocial
Maintain a calm exterior and approach the patient in a nonthreatening manner.
Remain calm, and firmly state limits on patient's behavior
Allow the patient his or her personal space.
During escalation, model controlled behavior and speak to the patient slowly and in short sentences, using a calm and low voice.
Use open-ended statements rather than challenging statements.
Give the patient two options to decrease the sense of powerlessness.
Implement appropriate deescalation techniques.
Choose a quiet place to talk to the patient but one that is visible to staff.
Remove other patients from the area and make sure no hazardous objects are within the vicinity.
Provide a safe environment by removing hazardous objects and decreasing environmental stimuli.
Staff Safety Considerations
Avoid wearing dangling earrings, necklaces, and scarves in acute care environments.
Ensure that there is enough staff for backup.
Always know the layout of the area.
Do not stand directly in front of the patient or in front of the doorway.
If a patient's behavior begins to escalate, provide feedback.
Avoid confrontation with the patient.
Health Teaching and Promotion
Model appropriate responses and ways to cope with anger
Teach patients a variety of methods to appropriately express anger.
Educate patients regarding coping mechanisms, deescalation techniques, and self-soothing skills to manage behavior.
Assist the patient in identifying triggers for the angry or aggressive behavior.
Nursing Diagnoses
Risk for other-directed violence
Manifestations: body language (rigid posture, clenching of fists and jaw, hyperactivity, pacing), history of violence, history of family violence, history of substance abuse
Risk for self-directed violence
Manifestations: impulsivity, suicidal ideation (detail, method, access), overt or covert statements regarding killing self, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, helplessness
Ineffective coping (overwhelmed or maladaptive)
Manifestations: difficulty with simple tasks, inability to function at previous level, poor problem solving, poor cognitive functioning, verbalizations of inability to cope
Stress overload
Manifestations: demonstrates feelings of anger, impatience; reports feelings of pressure, tension, difficulty in functioning, anger, impatience; experiences negative impact from stress; reports problems with decision making
Planning
Planning Interventions
Obtain the patient's history including previous acts of violence, comorbid illnesses, and past triggers.
Assess the patient's current coping skills.
Assess the patient's readiness to learn alternative and nonviolent ways of handling angry feelings.
Consider the patient's current support system.
Perform a self-assessment to prevent issues in providing treatment to the patient.
Reference
Halter, M. J. (2018).
Varcarolis' foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach
(8th ed., pp. 504-517). Elsevier.