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Genetics (Mutations (Any change in DNA (Insertion (Enzymes cut and rejoin…

- - - - Single base is converted to another base
    - - DNA is lost
      - Short regions of a self-complementary sequence
        
        Forms a small loop
    - - Addition of extra DNA
      - Enzymes cut and rejoin DNA
        
        Part of repair process
      - Small piece of foreign DNA is present after cutting
        
        DNA ligase
    - - Breaking DNA repaired backwards
  - - - Something that causes mutations
      - Certain chemicals
      - Ultraviolet light
      - X-rays
      - Radiation
  - - - One chromosome to another
    - - Only a few thousand base pairs long
      - Contain the genes that code for the enzymes
        
        Involved in cutting insertion sequences out
        
        Splicing it into DNA somewhere else
    - - Like an insertion sequence
      - May be much longer than insertion sequence
      - Carries genes that code for proteins
        
        Not associated with transposition
  - - - Mutation is not passed to offspring
      - Gene decomposes with rest of the leaf
  - - - Too efficient
      - Too inefficient
- - - - Contain one complete set of genes
  - - - Only a single character is analyzed and studied
        
        Inheritance of other traits are not considered
    - - Produce pink flowered offspring
    - - Resembling each parent but exactly like either
      - First filial generation (F)
        
        Inbreed F2
    - - RR
      - rr
      - Homozygous
        
        Two identical alleles for a gene
      - Rr
      - Heterozygous
        
        Two different alleles for a gene
    - - Neither parental trait dominates the other
  - - - Selfing
        
        Crossed with an exactly same genotype plant
    - - Can be set up in which all types of one gamete
      - 1:2:1 ratio
  - - - Phenotype of the heteroygote is like the parents #
        
        With two effective alleles
    - - Phenotype of the heteroygote is not like that of the parent
  - - - Homozygous recessive for the trait being studied
      - Heteroygous dominant
        
        Kept only to breed within themselves
      - Homozygous recessive
        
        Being selfed and kept pure
    - - Difficult to know what the genotype is
        
        Unless plant shows recessive trait
    - - Useful and valuable
- - - - Forming a small "bubble"
    - - One conserved old one
        
        Semiconservative replication
  - - - DNA polymerase
  - - - Chromosomes contain million replication sites
        
        Replication fork
        
        Ligated
        
        Uncoils
- - - - Two genes are on separate chromosomes
      - There is no way predict which pole will receive which allele
      - Alleles of one gene move independently
        
        Other genes alleles move differently
      - Crossing over
        
        Two genes are located far apart on same chromosome
        
        Occurs between them during prophase 1
        
        10% of cells undergoing meiosis
        
        Recombinant chromosomes
        
        Crossing over the homologous chromosomes
        
        And recombination of alleles
        
        Parental type chromosomes
  - - - Two genes are said to be linked
- - - - Alleles of both parents are transmitted equally
    - - Zygote obtains all its plastid and mitochondrion genomes
        
        From maternal parents
    - - Variegation
        
        Presence of spots that is not green
  - - - From almost undetectable to lethal
        
        Rarely passed to offspring
        
        The presence can kill the plant
  - - - Plant with more than two sets of chromosomes
    - - Change in chromosomes number per nucleus in plants
    - - Multiple paralogs of a gene
- - - - By several pathways
        
        Each with their own enzyme