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Social and political parties before 1905 (Social democrats ((1898 onwards …
Social and political parties before 1905
The peoples will
assassinated Alexander II
lenins brother was hanged for evolvement
Populists
Future of Russia in hands of the peasants. Peasants must take the lead in transforming Russia.
Leaders drawn from the middle & upper classes.
Educate the uninformed peasantry.
‘Going to the people’ - didn’t work as well as hoped. BUT Russian peasantry not interested in revolution.
‘People’s will’ group - murder members of the ruling classes.
Terrorist elements - Alexander II assassination - loss of credibility
Established an anti-tsarist tradition. Basis of inspiration for other groups
Social revolutionaries
revolutionaries
Grew directly from populist movement
Broadened the concept of ‘the people’ to include not only peasants but urban worker too (following Great Spurt)
Victor Chernov - leader and helped formation from 1901. Member of intelligentsia
Division - ‘left’ (anarchists) v ‘right’ (revolutionaries) social revolutionaries.
Terrorist faction dominated from 1905 - 2000 political assassinations (including Plehve the interior minister & tsar’s uncle - Grand Duke Sergei)
1905 revolution onwards - right of party greater influence. More support from professional classes & trade unions.
Promised peasants an end of private ownership of land (remained popular with the peasants.
Social democrats
revolutionary
Bolsheviks
Lenin - Bolsheviks (majority) - smaller revolutionary focus
Mensheviks
Martov & Plekhanov - Mensheviks (minority) - need for broader support for revolution.
1898 onwards - follow Marx ideas - class struggle - dialectic.
The industrial era marked the final stage of the dialectical class struggle.
Proletariat over the bourgeoisie.
Hunt down and destroy reactionaries - bloody but then once achieved society would emerge.
‘Great spurt’ of the 1890s - created the industrial conditions that Russia needed - industrial working classes.
George Plekhanov - translated Marx work into Russian - promoted the idea of a proletariat revolution. Seen as too theoretical (not active enough). Lenin replaces. (Vladamir Ulyanov)
Constiutional democrats
need to have constituational monarchy
Came into being 1905 rev time.
Largest of liberal parties.
Wanted to develop a constitutional monarchy - powers of the tsar to be restricted by a democratically elected constituent, national assembly
Contained progressive landlords, small industrial entrepreneurs and members of professions & academics
Leader - Paul Milyukov
In duma, were outspoken critics of the tsar system - played key role in the 1917 Feb rev
liberals
Octobrists
like the Dumas and the October manifesto
From October 1905 (following tsar’s manifesto which created the Duma)
Loyal to tsar and gov
Duma - seen as a major constitutional advance.
People from the commercial, industrial and landowning groups.
Leaders - Alexander Guchkov & Mikhail Rodzianko (both later part of the 1917 provisional gov)
Continue a ‘strong and authoritative’ regime
Revolutionaries dismissed them as bourgeois reactionaries who wouldn’t change the system.
Didn’t want to overthrow the tsar but would point out the system’s failings.
Union of liberation
educated people from professions coming together to think and
want more representation
annoyed by the Zemstva act
Paul Milyukov & Peter Struve
Formed in 1904
Aims - abolition of autocracy and the establishment of constitutional regime.
Universal elections and political reform.
Advanced more progressive thinking - ie like Witte.