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Chapter 5 (Protection (monoclonal antibodies (Used in pregnancy tests (hCG…
Chapter 5
Protection
Vaccination
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Herd immunity: when a significantly large proportion of the population has vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that population
monoclonal antibodies
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- scientists gather an antibody producing cell (by introducing desired antigen), and a fast growing cell such as a cancer celll
- they then fuse the two cells together, producing a hybridoma
- when placed in the body, the hybridoma will find and destroy the cells
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Immune system
Antigens
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The immune system will react to this by carrying out an immune response if a 'foreign' antigen is present
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Cell mediated immunity
T lymphocyte response
- macrophages engulf and digest pathogen, the present the antigen on its surface
- specific T helper cell binds with the receptor that fits the antigen on the macrophage
- antigen is detected by foreign receptors on T cells
- T helper cell rapidly divides by mitosis to produce clones
- the cloned cells either divide into T memory cells, stimulate phagocytes, activate cytotoxic T cells stimulate B cells to divide and secrete antibodies
T helper cells: these cells produce interleukins signalling proteins) to activate other immune cells. They stimulate B cells division and antibody production
Cytotoxic T cells: these kill pathogens by producing a chemical called perforin which makes holes in cell plasma membrane
T memory cells: these act as the immunological memory, as they remain in the blood for long periods of time and 'remember' foreign pathogen
T regulator cells: these prevent autoimmune response by repressing the immune system after all the pathogens have been destroyed
Humoural immunity
B lymphocyte response
B cells have different antibodies on their surface and will bind to complementary antigens on the pathogen's membrane
- T helper cells bind to the antigens on the presenting B cell.This activates the B cell
- The activated B cells rapidly divides (mitosis) to produce many cloned B cells
- the antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis ( taking in matter by invagination of the cell membrane) and gets presented on its surface
- The pathogen is engiulfed by the B cell
- The cloned B cells develop into plasma cells which produce specific complementary antibodies to bind to the pathogen's antigen and destroy them
antibodies
Antibodies are large Y shaped glycoproteins. they are recruited by the immune system to identify and neutralise foreign objects like bacteria and viruses
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