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Interactionism and Labelling (Becker (1963) (Becker suggests that whenever…
Interactionism and Labelling
Cicourel : the negotiation of justice
Typifications : stereotyping/assumptions held by the police regarding the typical characteristics and background of deviant or criminal groups
Negotiation of justice : The idea that decisions made by the police/CJS differ depending on who has committed the act and perceptions of background/status
Becker (1963)
Becker suggests that whenever a new law/rule is introduced in society, two things happen
New group of outsider is created
One group is labelled and another gains power over than group
Becker believes that people in power can create new rules to make certain actions seen as deviant, these are moral entrepreneurs.
These moral entrepreneurs use the power to introduce new rules and socially construct a group of people who are doing these action as 'outsiders' as they being 'deviant'
This allows them to gain power and to become 'eye of the beholder'
The social construction of crime statistics
Dark figure of crime - difference between official statistics and the 'real' rate of crime called the dark figure. We don't know how many go unreported, undetected and unrecorded
Alternative statistics - use victim surveys or self-report studies to gain a more accurate view of the amount of crime
Lemert (1972) argues that, by labelling certain people as deviant, society actually encourages them to become more so : societal reaction causes secondary deviance
Primary Deviance refers to deviant acts that have not publicly labelled. Those who commit them do not usually see themselves as deviant.
Secondary Deviance refers the result of society's reaction to particular deviance and therefore labelling occurs.
Jock Young (1971)
Drug use was initially peripheral to the hippies' lifestyle (primary deviance), but police persecution of them as 'junkies' (societal reaction) led them to retreat into close groups, developing a deviant subculture where drug use became a central activity
Deviance amplification spiral
The attempt to control deviance leads to it increasing rather than decreasing - resulting in greater attempts to control it and, in turn, yet more deviance, in an escalating spiral.
Braithwaite
Disintegrative Shaming : individual who is labelled and shamed becomes an outsider. They are an outsider, beyond the community and are incapable of being absorbed back into it and therefore are more likely to carry on with deviance
Paedophiles
Rapists
Thiefs
Reintegrative Shaming : individual is shamed and experiences the disapproval of the community. However, they are not casted out of society and have an opportunity to re-join the community. The act is labelled not the person.
Alcohol and Drug Users
Mental illness and suicide
Suicide - Douglas (1967) OS are socially constructed. Whether death is labelled as suicide depends on negotiations between social actors. Relatives may feel guilty about failing to prevent death, press for verdict of misadventure
Mental Health - Some people don't fit into groups. As a result of PD, others label person as odd and begin to exclude him
Leads to SD, giving them further reasons to exclude him. May begin discussing the best way of dealing w/ him. Confirms people conspiring against him. Gets placed into hospital labelled as 'mental patient'
Rosenhan