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Homeostasis (Hormones (Insulin (Promotes (Use of glucose as the primary…

- - - - Molecule that conducts glucose molecules through the external membrane of a cell for use inside.
      - It must interact with insulin in order to function
    - - Use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body
      - Conversion of bloodborne fuels to forms that can be stored
      - Storage of glycogen in the liver and muscle, fat in adipose tissue and proteins in muscles
    - - Type I diabetes
        
        Pancreas stops producing insulin. Body is forced to use energy from fatty acids
      - Type II diabetes
        
        Consequence of reduced sensitivity to insulin. Associated with obesity.
- - - - Fluid found within blood vessels
    - - Fluid bathing the cells, filling the space between the cells of the body. Isotonic.
  - - - It causes kidneys to secret renin.
  - - - Neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it.
      - They are located in the lamina terminalis.
      - As concentration changes, they either shrink or expand.
  - - - Circumventricular organ
        
        Organ that lies in the wall of cerebral ventricles and monitors the composition of bodily fluids
        
        OVLT
        
        Subfornical organs
- - - - The saliva lubricates the food
  - - - Stomach- it's primary function is to serve as a storage reservoir
      - Hydrochloric acid- breaks food down into small particles
      - Pepsin- Begins the process of breaking down protein molecules to amino acids
  - - - Duodenum
        
        First portion of the small intestine attached directly to the stomach
        
        Most absorption takes place here
  - - - Bile
        
        Manufactured in the liver and stored in the gal bladder until it's release in the duodenum
      - After emulsification, fat cannot pass through the duodenum wall
- - - - Set-point mechanism
        
        Defines set-point
      - Detector mechanism
        
        Detects deviation from set point
      - Effector mechanism
        
        Eliminates deviations
    - - Process whereby the effect produced by an action reduces or stops that action
- - - - Inhibit POMC neurons, blocking satiety signal and reduce metabolism.
  - - - Located in the LH, neurons of the hypothalamic apetite system that promotes feeding behaviour.
    - - Located in the PVN, neurons of the hypothalamic apetite system that inhibit feeding behaviour.
- - - - Preparatory phase
        
        Digestive phase: Food entering stomach causes release of gut hormones and stimulates pancreas to release insulin
        
        Pancreas releases high levels of insulin into the bloodstream and low levels of glucagon
    - - Period where the energy absorbed into the bloodstream meet's the body's immediate energy needs
        
        Glucodetectors
        
        Enter liver to detect glucose entering bloodstream and signal pancreas to release insulin- minimizes high levels of bloodborne fuels by using and storing them.
        
        Vagus nerve
        
        Cranial nerve X through which information from glucodetectors in the liver travels
        
        Nucleus of the solitary tract
        
        Brainsteam nucleus that receives taste information via cranial nerves. Site where information arrives.
    - - Period where all un-stored energy from previous meal has been used and body is withdrawing energy from it's reserves to meet immediate energy requirements
        
        High levels of glucagon and low levels of insulin
        
        Promotes glucogenesis
        
        Release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and conversion to ketones
- - - - Food in gut and glucose entering blood induce satiety signals, inhibiting consumption
    - - Food or liquid is consumed but not digested (eg. gum)
    - - Small amounts of food consumed before meal increase hunger
    - - The larger the serving, the more we eat
    - - Number of different tastes available at each meal has an effect on meal size
- - - - Metabolism f body fats and proteins create glucose
    - - Metabolic fuel source liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins
  - - - Process by which glucose is converted into glycogen
      - Eating
    - - Process by which glycogen is converted into glucose
      - Fasting