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Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged (impact of war ((((The…

- - - - Few industrial centres as the urban population was small. Most industrial centres were in the east, and they were foreign-owned.
- - - - Thus payed for the upkeep of the Manchu imperial court
    - - Some moved to bigger cities in hopes of getting a better-paying job. However, there the unemployment was already high because of improved technology and Western imports
  - - - Even though peasant women became equal to men, they were still more burdened because they were responsible for taking care of children and their household
- - - - However, the main conflict that defined the emergence of the Mao's China was the Chinese Civil War. The Civil War had several stages, interspersed by the Second United Front and Sino-Japanese War.
        
        The First Stage of the Civil War could be said to have begun with the Shanghai Massacre of the Communists in 1927, and continued through the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan, and the 5 Encirclement Campaigns :no_entry: :explode::explode:. The result of this was a deep-seated antipathy to the GMD movement that would later erode any attempt at externally-mediated settlement or negotiation.
        
        The Second Stage :!!: of the Civil War began after the brief respite of the Second World War, and US attempts at reconciliation between the two sides in 1945 and 1946.
        
        The Civil War began in Northern CHina, where the Communists had a strong presence. The GMD's failure to take the CCP stronghold of Harbin led eventually to the Red Army's taking the offensive, and capturing the whole of Manchuria in the Liaoshan campaign.
        
        Wartime experiences also added to the value of CCP propaganda, particularly the heroic nature of the Long March. :walking::skin-tone-4::woman-walking::skin-tone-2::man-walking::skin-tone-2::walking::skin-tone-5::woman-walking::skin-tone-6::walking::skin-tone-2:
        
        After taking manchuria, the CCP swept downward, ignoring Stalin's directive not to cross the yangtze river, and began to fight conventional war against the GMD forces, winning several major engagements against progressively weaker opponents. After taking Beijing, the PRC was declared to be established on =ctober 1st, 1949 :red_flag::red_flag::red_flag::red_flag::red_flag:
        
        The GMD waging of war highlighted their administrative weaknesses: large foreign loans for war material coincided with failing banks :moneybag:, causing steadily growing inflation throughout the war years :money_with_wings::money_with_wings:. Additionally, their treatment of the rural population meant that they had few volunteers, and had to use conscription to fill their ranks. This caused massive resentment, which later contributed to the desertion to Communist ranks during major engagements
        
        WW2 was :check: immensely influential in the short term as an aid to the emergence of the PRC. After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, many Japnese regiments in the north turned themselves, and their armaments, in to the Communist PLA (people's Liberation Army). Additionally, Soviet controlled areas (the USSR began an invasion of Japan-occupied China in the final stages of WW2) were turned over to the CCP, giving them an invaluable territorial toehold and military matériel with which to hold out against numerically and technologically superior GMD forces.
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- - - - An issue troubling the Chinese for a long time was foreign intervention. This was dealed with by the GMD very ineffectively, if at all. One of the main parts of this was the Japanese influence in China, which the GMD didn't see as a main concern.
        
        "The Japanese are merely a disease of the skin, the communists but a disease of the heart" -Jiang Jieshi / Chiang Kaishek (meaning that the Japanese threat isn't very relevant and the main issue is the communist threat)
        
        Thus the GMD put all their energy into fighting the communists :explode::fire::gun:, rather than eliminating foreign control (failure to eliminate the foreign control was also one of the reasons the Manchu dynasty became unpopular and was abolished, so tbh the GMD really should have learned from others' mistakes...)
        
        The GMD was sympathetic to foreign governments and while they were expected to remove foreign influence, they didn't want to get rid of the many Western investors :money_with_wings::moneybag::money_mouth_face: (investing for example in industry), as this would have had a negative effect on the economy (e.g unemployment would have soared), but since foreign influence had been an issue for a long time and most people were hateful of foreign powers, this made the GMD less popular.
    - - The GMD's main focus was on the upper classes which however formed a minority next to the peasants. The reason the CCP succeeded was because they started improving the life standards of the peasants and gained major support :tada::silhouettes::smiley: in them thanks to this. This also created resentment for the GMD in the peasants as the GMD was often mistreating them.
      - They were focused on the middle and upper classes because the GMD got financial support from them
    - - Warlords
        
        The reason there was a Warlord era in 1916-1927 was because the GMD couldn't hold the entire nation under their control effectively and thus emerged warlords :clown_face: who had regional power. Because China is huge, the capital and with it the "central power" was distant to the people and thus they had to worry more about subjecting to local powers (the warlords) who actually could be and impact/threat on their well-being.
      - Peasants
        
        While the GMD had control of the coastal areas and cities :cityscape: (where the main life was happening because of trade ports etc), the majority of the population i.e the peasant lived int he countryside :house_with_garden: across China. The GMD's "abandonment" of the peasants (see the point about "Choosing the wrong target audience) created resentment, which made them care less about following the central regime, which also resulted in loss of control for the GMD.
      - Despite the Manchu dynasty being removed, some of the generals still remained the same so the central power was in a way the same for the people.
        
        The Railway Nationalisation programme was started in 1908 which meant the country essentially bought all the railways for which they took a huge loan from the US, and a condition of this loan was giving handlement of CHinese finances to the US, which increased resentment as foreign control was a hated thing.
      - communist areas