Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Respiratory System (respiratory disorders (Pneumonia (-bacterial or viral…
Respiratory System
respiratory disorders
Pneumonia
-bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
-causes= bacterial infection, aspiration, viral infection
-symptoms= fever, chills, chest pain
-treatment= over counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Lung cancer
-uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs
-causes= smoking, 2nd hand smoke, genetics
-symptoms= chest pain, weight loss, fatigue
-treatment= radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy
Tuberculosis
-bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Myocobacterium tuberculosis
-causes: contagious, inhaled, drug & alcohol abuse
-symptoms : cough, fever & fatigue, chest pain
treatment= surgery, medication, long-term antibiotics
Seasonal Flu
-a viral infection; many variations & changes year to year
-causes= droplets, occupation, chronic illness
-symptoms= dry mouth, fatigue, congestion
-treatment= early vaccination, rest & hydration, anti viral medication
-
physiology of breathing
intrapleural pressure
-the pressure in the pleural cavity
-fluctuates with breathing phases
-always negative relative to intrapulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
-difference between the intrapulmonary & intrapleural pressures
-pressure that keeps air spaces of lungs open
-Boyle's Law: temperature constant, presssure of gas varies inversely with its volume
P1V1=P2V2
intrapulmonary pressure
- the pressure in the alveoli
-rises& falls with phases of breathing
-always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
-
-
conducting zone
all respiratory passageways that provide conducts for air to reach the sites of gas exchange
-organs cleanse, humidity, and warm oncoming air
air reaching lungs is cleaner & it warm & damps
respiratory zone
-the actual site of gas exchange & is composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, & alveoli, & all microscopic structures
parasinuses
-groups of 4 paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity
-Maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, Ethmoidal sinuses, Sphenoidal sinuses
-sinuses lighten the skull & help warm & moisten air
-produce mucus that flows in the nasal cavity
the pleurae
-def: two layers of serous membrane that line the thoracic cavity & cover the external surface of the lung
innervation of the lungs
-lungs are inverted by parasympathetic & sympathetic motor fibers & visceral sensory fibers
-nerve fibers enter each lung through the pulmonary plexus
-parasympathetic fibers cause air tubes to constrict
-sympathetic fibers dilate them
mechanism of breathing
-pulmonary ventilation = breathing
-inspiration= in
-expiration= out
-air flows from higher to lower pressure
-P increases when V decreases
-Volume increases with increased temperature
-Pa= atmospheric pressure=760mmHg
P1= intrapulmonary pressure
Negative pressure is below atmospheric pressure
Positive pressure is above atmospheric pressure
-lung collapses if plural cavity pressure= outside pressure
-inspiration requires muscular contraction & energy
-expiration (during quiet breathing) is a passive process
-deep expiration is an active process
-Hormone epinephrine dilates bronchioles
respiratory volumes
-4 types: tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, &residual
-during normal quiet breathing 500mL of air move in &out of lung with each breathing
-respiratory volume=tidal volume
+inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) amount of air forcibly beyond tidal volume
+expiratory reserve volume(ERV)air that come out of lungs after normal tidal volume expiration
+about 1200mL of air remains in the lungs= residual volume (RV)
-keep alevoli open & prevent lung collapse
respiratory capacities
-include inspirations, functional residual, & total lung capacities
-inspiratory capacity ( IC): total amount of air inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
-functional residual capacity (FRC): amount of air remaining in lungs after normal tidial volume expiration
-vital capacity (VC): total amount of exchangeable air
-total lung capacity (TLC): sum of all lung volumes
external respiration
-3 factors influence: partial pressure gradient, thickness & surface of respiratory membrane, & ventillation coupling
-CO2 exchange
-is occuring equally fast (pulmonary gas exchange )
Internal respiration
-involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
-partial pressure & diffusion gradients are reverted
-tissue cells continuously use O2 for metabolic activity & produce CO2
-O2 moves rapidly from blood into tissues until equilibrium is reached
-CO2 quickly moves along its pressure gradient in blood
-simple diffusion:
-gas exchange blood & alveoli
-gas exchange between blood & tissue cells