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A 70 year old female came into the emergency room because she is…

- - - - elderly individuals do not respond to immune challenge as easily as the young
        
        can result in reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus
        
        can result in diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues
    - - the elderly woman moving from Fort Worth to Colorado could affect her respiratory system
        
        when at high elevations, the reduced oxygen content of the blood induces breathing instability
        
        especially at the fact that the woman just moved to Colorado, her respiratory system is not adapted to the new environment
    - - could have symptoms such as shortness of breath, mucus, chest tightness and wheezing
      - viruses all enter the lungs and damage the alveoli
        
        which can eventually turn into pneumonia
- - - - can result in diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues
      - can result in reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus
  - - - especially at the fact that the woman just moved to Colorado, her respiratory system is not adapted to the new environment
  - - - which can eventually turn into pneumonia
- - - - each lung has wide, concave base that rests inferiority upon the muscular diaphragm and an apex
        
        thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath
      - lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura
  - - - bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli
        
        In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood
        
        alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs, which are composed of clusters of alveoli
        
        alveoli abut one another causing their sides to become flattened
        
        small openings in the walls called alveolar pores
        
        these openings allow for air to circulate between alveoli
        
        made of simple squamous epithelium
        
        much thinner in the respiratory zone making it possible to undergo gas diffusion between the respiration zone and pulmonary capillaries
        
        pulmonary capillaries surround each alveolus to facilitate gas exchange between the alveolus and blood
        
        alveolar type I (squamous alveolar cells)
        
        make up most of the alveolar surface (95%)
        
        primary cells that form each alveolus
        
        collectively form the alveolar epithelium of the respiratory membrane
        
        alveolar type II cell (septal cells)
        
        much less numerous, secrete an oily fluid called pulmonary surfactant
        
        function of the fluid: to prevent collapse of alveoli
- - - - acute inflammation is seen in pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome
      - chronic inflammation is represented by asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      - since the lungs are a vital organ for gas exchange, excessive inflammation can be life threatening
- - - - oxygen diffuses from an alveolus into the blood within the capillary, and carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
- - - - more severe cases of altitude sickness can result in pulmonary edema and cerebral edema
- - - - when that happens, oxygen from the air can’t get from the lungs into the blood where it’s needed
        
        can become life threatening
  - - - If these infections worsen, the lungs could fill with fluid
        
        This makes it difficult to take in deep breaths. In rare cases, untreated infections can be fatal
- - - - can result in chills
    - - as your body fights off infections, it can cause you to feel weaker or more tired than usual
  - - - it can cause damage or even death to major organs
        
        can lead to septic shock
        
        which can cause very low blood pressure and reduced flow of blood to major organs
  - - - more common with pneumonia
    - - happens when the muscles expand and contract
  - - - not as common