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5.1 Migration as a component of population change (MABOGUNJE: Analysis of…
5.1 Migration as a component of population change
IMMIGRATION = Coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
EMIGRATION = Leaving a country to settle permanently in another.
NET MIGRATION = Difference between the number of immigrants and numbers of emigrants.
MIGRATION STREAM = Total number of moves made during migration interval that have a common area of origin and destination. (For every migration stream there is a COUNTER-STREAM)
PUSH FACTORS = Negative -> at origin.
PULL FACTORS = Positive -> at destination.
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION = Individual has a free choice about whether or not to move.
FORCED MIGRATION = Individual has no choice. E.g. Natural Hazard.
E.S LEE'S MIGRATION MODEL:
= Positive Factors
= Negative Factors
= Factors perceived as unimportant to the individual.
1958 W.PETERSON + MIGRATORY TYPES:
PRIMITIVE MIGRATION = Nomadic pastoralism and shifting cultivation practiced by the world's most traditional societies.
FORCED MIGRATION = The abduction and transport of Africans to the Americans as slaves was the largest forced migration in history. Migrations may also be forced by natural disasters.
IMPELLED MIGRATION = Takes place under perceived threat, either human or physical, but an element of choice remains.l
FREE MIGRATION AND MASS MIGRATION = Both involve freedom of choice. Distinction is one of magnitude only. The movement of Europeans to North America was the largest mass migration in history
STARK'S MODEL:
Extended Todaro's model by replacing the individual with the household as unit of analysis.
Migration = Stark = form of economic diversification, whereby the costs and rewards are shared. It is a form of risk spreading.
MABOGUNJE:
Analysis of Rural-Urban Migration in Africa. Showed migration as a circular, interdependent and self-modifying system.
System and the environment react upon each other.
E.g. Expansion in the urban economy will stimulate migration from rural areas while deteriorating economic conditions in the larger urban areas will result in a reduction of migration flows from rural areas. Flow of information between out-migrants and their rural origin is an important component of the system.
PULL FACTORS:
Job Aspects
High Standard of Living
Improved Housing
Better Quality of life.
PUSH FACTORS:
Natural Disasters
Housing Shortages
Low Income
Poor Employment
THE TODARO MODEL:
Simplistic explanation for rural-urban migration = rural dwellers been attracted to 'bright lights' of the large urban areas without understanding the deprivation of urban life.
Todaro challenged the view, saying that migrants' perception of urban life was realistic and based on accurate flow of information from earlier migrants.
Aware of short term = not better off, but in long term = economic standing would be better.
MARXIST/STRUCTURALIST THEORY:
Traditional Marxist views = labour migration as inevitable in the transition to capitalism.
Migration is the only option for survival after alienation from the land.
Structuralist theory draws attention to the advantages of migrant labour for capitalist production and emphasises the control that capitalism has over migrant labour.
STRUCTURATION THEORY:
Incorporates both individual motives for migration and the structural factors in which migrants operate.
Stresses the rules designed to regulate behaviour and provide opportunity for manoeuvre for those who seek constrain.
Approach builds awareness of cultural factors.
GENDER ANALYSES:
Recent decades gender has come to occupy a significant place in migration literature.
Much more emphasis on the different migration responses by men and women and on gender discrimination.
THE ROLE OF CONSTRAINTS, OBSTACLES and BARRIERS:
Most countries = no legal restrictions on internal migration. Main constraints = distance and cost. In contrast, immigration laws present the major barrier in international migration.
Economic costs of migration can be viewed in three parts:
'Closing up' at the point of origin.
The actual cost of movement itself.
the costs of 'opening up; at the point of destination.
Consideration of 'distance' involves the dangers associated with the journey. Physical factors = flood, drought, landslides and crossing water bodies. Human factors = any hostility from other people that may be encountered on the journey.
International migration, governments attitudes in the form of immigration laws present formidable barrier to prospective migrants. Over time legal barriers to immigration become more formidable. Most countries favour immigration applications from people with skills that are in short supply and people who are going to set up businesses and create employment.
MIGRATION DATA:
Three principal sources of migration data:
POPULATION CENSUSES = Important sources of information as they are taken at regular intervals and cover whole countries. Two sorts of data that are provided (1) Birthplaces of the population. (2) Period migration figures (movement over a period of time)
POPULATION REGISTERS = Japan, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland collect 'continuous data' on migration through PR. Inhabitants are required to register an address with the police and to notify all changes of residence.
SPECIFIC SURVEYS = Supplement the sources of data discussed above. E.g. Britain is the International Passenger Survey, sample survey carried out at seaports and airports. Established to provide information on tourism and the effect of travel expenditure on the balance of payments, it also provides useful information on international migration.
However, when all of these sources are available there are still very large number of movements that go entirely unrecorded,
CASE STUDY: PUSH AND PULL FACTORS IN BRAZIL
Rural to Urban migration in Brazil since 1950's, with large migration streams to the big cities such as Sao Paulo and Rio de Janiero
PUSH FACTORS:
The mechanisation of agriculture, which has reduced the demand for farm labour.
Amalgamation of farms and estates, by agricultural production companies, resulting in a high level of rural to urban migration.
Generally poor conditions of rural employment.
Desertification in the NorthEast and deforestation in the North.
Unemployment and underemployment.
PULL FACTORS:
Greater likelihood of paid employment, even if it is only in the informal sector.
Greater proximity to health and education services, this factor is important for migrants with children.
better housing opportunities, even favela housing may be better than that found in some rural areas.
greater access to retail services than in rural services.