Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 7: Memory (Neural Basis of Memory Storage (Amnesia (retrograde…
Chapter 7: Memory
Neural Basis of Memory Storage
engram: physical trace of memory in the brain
assemblies: organized groups of neurons in the brain
Long-term-potentiation: gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from REPETITIVE stimulation
Amnesia
retrograde amnesia: lose memories of our PAST
anterograde amnesia: lose capacity to form NEW memories
3 SYSTEMS of memory: sensory memory --> short term memory --> long term memory
Sensory memory: brief storage of perceptual memory before it's passed to short-term memory
iconic memory: visual sensory memory
ex. Sterling's experiment: flash 3 rows of 4 letters, all participants knew they saw a 3x4 figure of letters but couldn't remember all the letters
echoic memory: auditory sensory memory
Short-term memory: retains info for limited durations
decay: fading of info from memory over time
interference: loss of info from memory because of competition from additional incoming memory
retroactive interference: occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old "retro" information
proactive interference: interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning
capacity of short-term memory
Magic number: the span of short-term memory is 7+/- 2 pieces of information
to extend span of short-term memory
Chunking: organizing information into meaningful groupings
Rehearsal: repeating information
maintenance rehearsal: repeating the stimuli in their original form
elaborative rehearsal: linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way
ex. dog-shoe, tree-pipe, key-monkey
Long-term memory: relatively enduring retention of information, stored regarding our facts, experiences, skills
permastore: type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent
Primacy vs. Recency
Recency effect: tendency to remember words at the END of a list especially well
Primacy effect: tendency to remember words at the BEGINNING of a list especially well
Explicit vs. Implicit
explicit memory: memories we recall INTENTIONALLY for which we have CONSCIOUS awareness
episodic memory: recollection of events in our lives
semantic memory: knowledge of FACTS about the world
implicit memory: memories we DON'T DELIBERATELY remember or reflect on consciously
procedural memory: skills and habits
priming: our ability to identify a stimulus more easily/quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli (enhanced identification of objects/words)
Three PROCESSES of memory (encoding --> storage --> retrieval)
Encoding: getting information into our memory banks
Storage: process of KEEPING information in memory
Schema: organized knowledge structure or mental models that we've stored in memory
Retrieval: reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Encoding specificity: remembering something better when the conditions under which we RETRIEVE information are SIMILAR to the conditions under which we ENCODED it
different dependent learnings
context-dependent learning (BASED ON SETTING): superior retrieval of memories when the EXTERNAL context of the original memories matches the RETRIEVAL context
people learned lists of words either on land or underwater
when they had to recall the words later, they remembered more words if they were tested in the SAME ENVIRONMENT where they had learned the words
State-dependent learning: superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same PHYSIOLOGICAL or PSYCHOLOGICAL state as it was during encoding
Mood-dependent learning: superior retrieval of memories when in the same MOOD state as during encoding
False memories
Flashbulb memory: emotional memory that is extraordinarily detailed and vivid
Implanting false memories by framing questions differently
span: how much info
duration: for how long a period of time