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Genetics (Mutations Many occur during DNA replication (Types of Mutations,…

- - - - DNA piece lost
    - - DNA piece added
    - - Smallest mutation
    - - DNA piece inserted backwards
  - - - Position Position of mutation intensifies effect
      - Extent
      - Nature
  - - - Ultraviolet light
      - Radation
      - X-rays
      - Transposable elements
        
        Change positions
        
        Insertion sequences
        
        Transposons
      - Man made mutagens
        
        Nitrous acid
- - - - Even ploidy level: fertile
      - Odd ploidy level: sterile
      - "Extra genes"
        
        Paralogs
        
        Gene family
    - - Change in chromosome #
  - - - Plastid/mitochondrion genome from mom
        
        Plastids
        
        Chlorophyll mutations
        
        Achlorophyllous
        
        Chlorophyllous
        
        Variegation
        
        White/red/orange spots
        
        Younger leaf, bigger spot
        
        Older leaf, smaller spot
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Mutations hard to recongnize
        
        Slows growth
        
        Embryo death (severe cases)
- - - - Genotype
        
        Types of alleles
      - Phenotype
        
        Expression of alleles
  - - - Two parents
        
        Genetically different
        
        Produces more fit offspring
    - - Identical offspring
        
        No change of fltness
- - - - Replicon
        
        Replication fork
        
        Primer RNA attaches
        
        DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
        
        Okazki fragments
        
        Ligated together
  - - - Nucleotides to 3' end
- - - - Parental generation
        
        F1 (first filial) generation
        
        F2 generation
    - - Homozygous
        
        Two identical alleles
      - Heterozygous
        
        Two different alleles
    - - No dominant trait
        
        Heterozygous phenotype different
    - - Self-fertilized
        
        Or by similar-genetype plant
      - Selfing heterozygote
        
        1:2:1 genotype ratio
        
        Explained in Punnet square
    - - Dominant trait
      - Recessive trait
      - 3:1 phenotype ratio
    - - Determines genotype
        
        Heterozygous or homozygous dominant
    - - Gene in multiple forms
        
        X1, X2, X3, etc.
- - - - Genes on same chromosome
        
        Linkage groups
      - Crossing over
        
        Recombinant chromosomes
        
        % proportional to spacing
        
        1% = map unit
        
        Parental type chromosomes
    - - Genes on separate chromosomes
        
        Move independent
      - Heterozygous cross
        
        9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio
        
        9: dominant for both
        
        3: dominant 1st, recessive 2nd
        
        3: recessive 1st, dominant 2nd
        
        1: recessive both
      - Crossing over
        
        Genes far apart
- - - - Several metabolic pathways
        
        Multiple enzymes
        
        Mutations not severe
        
        One controlling enzyme
        
        Mutation affects all traits
        
        Pleiotriopic effects