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Respiratory System Ezequiel Herrera Period 4 (disorders of the…
Respiratory System
Ezequiel Herrera
Period 4
Major functions of the
respiratory system
supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
involved with the sense of smell and with speech
anatomy of the respiratory tract
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through which the air is funnelled down into our lungs.
definitions of lung capacity terminology
Respiratory Capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RV and ERV
Vital capacity (VC)
total amount of exchangeable air. It is the sum of TV, IRV, and ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration, so it is the sum of TV and IRV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
the sum of all lung volumes
The respiratory capacities always consist of two or more lung volumes
Respiratory Volumes
Refers to the volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the respiratory cycle
inspiratory reserve
the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
tidal volume (TV)
The volume of air inspired or expired with each breath during quiet breathing
residual volume
air that remains in the lungs
organs of the respiratory system and location
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Air passageway; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Location: begins just under the larynx and runs down behind the sternum
Bronchial Tree
Location: located in the neck and thorax
Air passageways connecting trachea with aveoli; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Larynx
Serves as an air passage way; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; vocal production
Location: found at the anterior neck
Aveoli
Location: respiratory bronchioles, line the walls of the alveolar ducts, and are more numerous in the alveolar sacs
Main sites of gas exchange
Lungs
House respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
Location: either side of the thorax
Pleurae
Produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs
Location: Thoracic cavity
Upper Respiratory Tract
Paranasal sinuses
They lighten the weight of the head, humidify and heat inhaled air, and increase the resonance of speech
Location: a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity
Nose (External nose and nasal cavity)
Produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
Location: above the roof of the mouth
Pharynx
Serves as a passageway for air and food
Location: part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and larynx
differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi
Right and Left Lung differences
Left lung
Two lobes
superior and inferior lobes
longer and narrower to
make room for heart
Right lung
wider and shorter
consists of three lobes
the superior, middle, and inferior lobes
Right and left primary bronchi differences
Right primary bronchi
subdivides into three lobar bronchi
wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
Left primary bronchi
subdivides into two lobar bronchi
breathing mechanism
pulmonary ventilation
-consists of two phases
inspiration
period when air flows into the lungs
expiration
period when gases exit the lungs
Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity
Intrapleural Pressure (Pip)
always negative relative to Ppul
pressure in the pleural cavity
Transpulmonary Pressure
difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures
the size of the transpulmonary pressure determines the size of the lungs
Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)
pressure in the alveoli
rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but it always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure eventually
Pulmonary Ventilation
Boyle’s law
P1V1=P2V2
Inspiration
The volume of this box can be increased by enlarging all of its dimensions, thereby decreasing the gas pressure inside it
drop in pressure causes air to go in because gases always flow down their pressure gradients
Action of the diaphragm
Action of the intercostal muscles
Expiration
The volume decreases, thereby increasing the gas pressure inside it
Increase in pressure causes air to go out because gases always flow down their pressure gradients
Airway Resistance
F=ΔP/R
major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow
airway resistance is insignificant
Airway diameters in the first part of the conducting zone are huge
airways get progressively smaller
internal and external respiration
External Respiration
pulmonary gas exchange
three factors influence external respiration
Partial Pressure Gradients and Gas Solubilities
Thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Internal respiration
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Tissue cells continuously use O2 for their metabolic activities and produce CO2
driven by the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2
disorders of the respiratory system.
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth and development in the lungs
Symptoms
Chest pain, fatigue, weight loss
Treatment
Radiation, surgical removal, chemo
C&R.F
Smoking, genetics, air pollution
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Symptoms
Fever, chills, cough w/ mucus
Treatment
Oxygen therapy, antibiotics, over counter medicine
C&R.F
Bacterial, viral infection, aspiration
COPD
Chronic pulmonary disorder including bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema
Treatment
Stop smoking, medications, oxygen therapy
C&R.F
Age, genetics, tobacco smoke
Symptoms
Chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
Seasonal flu
A viral infection with various symptoms which change
Treatment
Vaccination, Rest, medication
C&R.F
Droplets, age, occupation
Symptoms
Dry cough, fatigue, congestion
Tuburculosis
Bacterial infection in the R.S caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Treatment
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
C&R.F
Travel where TB is common, weak immune system, drug abuse
Symptoms
Chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss
Pneumonothorax
collapsed lung (air leaked into pleural space)
Asthma
Caused by chronically inflamed bronchial passages
Chronic
Shortness of breath, chest pain,wheezing
lower respiratory system
larynx
trachea
bronchi and their smaller branches
lungs
alveoli
Upper Respiratory Tract
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
nose