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Respiratory System - Thomas Cruz P.4 (definitions of lung capacity…
Respiratory System - Thomas Cruz P.4
Major functions of the
respiratory system
Transport of Respiratory Gases
cardiovascular system transports gases using blood as the transporting fluid
Internal respiration
O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood
External Respiration
O2 and CO2 diffuses from lungs to blood or blood to lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Ventilation consists of inspiration and expiration
anatomy of the respiratory tract
External Nose
nostrils
nasal cavity
nasal septum
posterior nasal aperrures
hard palate
soft palate
respiratory mucosa
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Largopharynx
Basic Anatomy
Larynx
Thyroid Cartilage
Epiglottis
Vocal ligaments
Epithelium of Larynx
Voice Production
Trachea
Conducting Zone
right bronchi
left bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Zone
Alveoli
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Respiratory Membrane
Lung
Lung root
Costal Surface
Diaphragm
Cardiac Notch
bronchopulmonary segments
lobules
stroma
Pulmonary Arteries
organs of the respiratory system and location
(upper and lower respiratory track)
Upper Tract
Pharynx
Larynx
Upper Trachea
Lower Tract
Lower Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
differences between the right and left lung and right and left
primary bronchi
Left main Bronchi
thinner, less things will get stuck here
Right lung
shorter, liver still is higher, more broad, three lobes
Right main Bronchi
wider, shorter more vertical
Left lung
only has two lobes, less broad, longer
breathing mechanism
Transpulmonary Pressure
the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures
Inspiration
Inspiratory muscles, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are activated
Intrapleural Pressure
fluctuates with breathing phases
Expiration
muscles relax, rib cage descends and the lungs recoil
Intrapulmonary Pressure
the pressure in the alveoli
Nonrespiratory air movements
occur when you cough, sneeze, cry, laugh, hiccup, or yawn
Atmospheric Pressure
pressure exerted by the air (gases) surrounding the body
definitions of lung capacity terminology
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
measures the amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and forces full exhales maximally as rapid as possible
Total Dead Space
sum of the nonuseful volumes which are alveolar dead space and anatomical dead space
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
sum of all lung volumes
Vital Capacity (VC)
total amount of exchangeable air
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
total amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration
Residual Volume (RV)
helps to keep the alveoli open and prevent lung collapse
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be expelled from lungs
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
amount of air forcibly beyond tidal volume
Tidal Volume (TV)
respiratory volume
Lung Compliance
measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
better index of effective ventilation
internal and
external respiration
Internal Respiration
carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves the lungs by diffusion
driven by the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 that exist on opposite sides of the membrane
External Respiration
oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the lungs by diffusion
Influences:
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
Ventilation-perfusion coupling (matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion)
disorders of the respiratory system
Lung Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Seasonal Flu
viral infection in the lungs; associated with dry cough and congestion
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Pneumothorax
a collapsed lung, air leaked into pleural space
Tuberculosis
Backwards inflation in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium
Asthma
caused by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages caused by allergies
COPD
Chronic obstruction pulmonary disorder
Black Lung Disease
known as coal workers' pneumoconiosis; is the world's largest and most-spread disease caused by mineral dust