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A 34 year old male patient was recently diagnosed with AIDS. He tells you…

- - - - Lymph Nodes
        
        Underneath armpits, in groin, neck, and other tucked away body places
        
        Lymph collects here so it can be spread to extremities quickly
      - Spleen
        
        In the abdomen, behind the intestines
        
        Stores white blood cells
      - Bone Marrow
        
        Found inside bones
        
        Produces white blood cells
      - Mucosa
        
        Lines any passage that leads outside the body
        
        Traps potential pathogens and dissolves them so they don't get any further
      - Thymus gland
        
        Found in children
        
        On the surface of the heart
    - - NK Cells
      - Neutrophils
      - T Lymphocytes
      - Eosinophils
      - B Lymphocytes
      - Basophils
      - Monocytes
      - Macrophages
      - Dendritic Cells
      - (Information on immune cells in physiology)
  - - - Surface Defenses
        
        Skin
        
        Keratin
        
        Sebum
        
        Acid
        
        Mucous Membranes
        
        Cilia
        
        Antibacterial Proteins
        
        Lysozymes
        
        HCl
      - Internal Defenses
        
        NK Cells
        
        Natural Killer Cells
        
        Grenade throwers, first line of destruction
        
        Secretes perforins, cytolytes, histamines, cytokines
        
        Activated by viruses
        
        Antimicrobial Proteins
        
        Complement
        
        Proteins that link to antibodies
        
        Factors that link to the glycocalyx
        
        Both lead to pathogen cell lysis
        
        CRP
        
        From the liver
        
        Binds to pathogens and marks it for destruction by macrophages
        
        Interferon
        
        Makes cells resistant to viral reproduction
        
        Several different kinds
        
        The main ingredient of antiviral drugs
        
        Fever
        
        Caused by pyrogens
        
        Stimulates high metabolism
        
        Damages Pathogens
        
        Can also be caused by pathogens, damaging the host
        
        Inflammation
        
        Response to infection causing dilation of blood vessels
        
        4 steps of inflammation
        
        Redness (Rubor)
        
        Heat (Calor)
        
        Swelling (Tumor)
        
        Pain (Dolor)
        
        Release of leukocytosis-inducing factors, attracting neutrophils
        
        Release of leukocytosis-inducing factors, attracting neutrophils
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Mast Cells
        
        Kupffer Cells
        
        Microglia
        
        Cells that engulf and consume foreign invaders to destroy them
    - - Humoral Immunity
        
        B Lymphocytes
        
        Memory B Cells
        
        Remember the pathogen for future defense
        
        When encountering antigens, clone themselves and make plasma proteins which produce antibodies
        
        Antibody Mediated
        
        Triggered by antigens (complete, incomplete, antigenic, determinants, self antigens)
      - Cellular Immunity
        
        T Lymphocytes
        
        When activated by antigens stimulates macrophages to hunt and destroy pathogens
        
        APC's
        
        Present antigens to T and B cells to find the right match to start the cloning process
        
        Macrophages
        
        Dendritic Cells
        
        Mast Cells
  - - - Granular
        
        Basophils
        
        Enter tissues at the site of injury
        
        Secrete anticlotting factor
        
        Releases chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic responses
        
        Least abundant Leukocyte
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Phagocytize and kill bacteria
        
        Most abundant Leukocyte
        
        Eosinophil
        
        Phagocytize parasites
        
        Participate in allergic responses
        
        Fourth most abundant Leukocyte
      - Agranular
        
        Lymphocyte
        
        Specific responses to invaders
        
        Antibody Production
        
        B Lymphocytes
        
        Makes antibodies
        
        Plasma Cells
        
        Memory B cells
        
        T Lymphocytes
        
        Direct attack of pathogens and infected cells
        
        Helper T cells
        
        Memory T cells
        
        Cytotoxic T cells
        
        Regulatory T cells
        
        Second most abundant Leukocyte
        
        Monocyte
        
        Ingest (phagocytosis) and destroy foreign bodies
        
        Antigen presentation to T cells
        
        Become macrophages
        
        Third most abundant Leukocyte
  - - - The invasion of a harmful strain of bacteria that enters the human body
      - Treatment
        
        Antibiotics
      - Can infect any area of the body
      - Living organism
      - Do not need a host cell for reproduction
      - Cause localized infections
    - - Lytic Cycle
        
        Cycle of viral reproduction that leads to the host cells death
      - Lysogenic Cycle
        
        Cycle of viral reproduction where viral DNA lays dormant in the host cell, until eventually turning into the lytic cycle
      - Treatment
        
        Antivirals
        
        Vaccines (preventative)
      - Replicate only inside host cell, REQUIRE HOST to survive
      - Nonliving Organism
      - Cause systemic infection
  - - - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      - A virus that attacks immune cells (specifically helper T cells)
      - Leaves a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases
      - Spread by contact of certain bodily fluids of infected individuals (most commonly during sex and sharing of needles)
      - The human body cannot naturally get rid of HIV, and there is no cure
      - Can be treated with HIV suppressing medication
      - Lifelong disease
    - - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
      - Late stage HIV virus
      - Occurs once the immune system has been badly damaged by the HIV virus
      - Someone is considered to have AIDS when
        
        The number of their CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (Normal is between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3)
        
        They develop one or more opportunistic infections regardless of their CD4 count
      - People who have progressed to this stage can typically live for 3 years
      - If they succumb to an opportunistic infection, their life expectancy can drop to 1 year