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70 year old female with breathing difficulty due to viral infection of the…
70 year old female with breathing difficulty due to viral infection of the lungs and pneumonia
GAS LAWS
BOYLE'S LAW:
states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of gas decreases if the volume of the container increases
DALTON'S LAW:
states that the sum of all partial pressures is equal to the atmospheric pressure
HNERY'S LAW:
states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid.
LUNG ANATOMY CELLS AND TISSUE
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alevoli
right lung: three lobes
left lung: two lobes
respiratory tract contains goblet cells that houses mucous and serous glands
Alveolar type I cells make up about 95% of alveolar surface area and are moist and prone to collapse due to high surface tension.
Alveolar type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, which opposes surface tension and prevents the collapse of alveoli.
ELEVATION/ PARTIAL PRESSURE
Increased pressure in the paranasal sinuses can result from the swelling of the mucous membranes, or due to
pressure changes associated with swimming or high altitudes.
Under higher pressure, nitrogen is forced into the blood.
the fall of atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes decrease PP of inspired O2.
increases pressure for gas exchange in lungs
Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and is measured in mm Hg
A partial pressure gradient exists when the partial pressure for a gas is higher in one region of the respiratory
system than in another.
INFLAMMATION
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx and possibly its surrounding structures.
caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, or overuse of the voice.
Symptoms of laryngitis include hoarse voice, sore throat, and sometimes fever.
In children, swelling of the epiglottis may lead to sudden airway obstruction
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Bronchitis can be caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, inhalation of irritants, or cigarette smoke.
Acute bronchitis develops rapidly and resolves within 10 to 14 days.
Chronic bronchitis results from long-term exposure to irritants and is characterized by the production of
large amounts of mucus and a cough lasting three continuous months.
Asthma is a chronic allergic inflammatory response in all airways that results in bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
when bronchial tubes become inflamed, they become sensitive to inhaled environmental allergens and irritants that trigger asthma
primary treatment for asthma consists of
administering inhaled steroids to reduce the inflammatory reaction, combined with bronchodilators to alleviate the bronchoconstriction. Allergy shots have proven helpful for some patients.
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the capillaries because the partial
pressure of oxygen in the blood is lower than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
Carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the capillaries into the alveoli because the
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the
alveoli.
The efficiency of O2 and CO2 diffusion during alveolar gas exchange are dependent upon the surface area and
the minimal thickness of the respiratory membrane.
Ventilation-perfusion coupling is the ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to
simultaneously regulate blood flow.
Ventilation is altered by changes in bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction.
Perfusion is altered by changes in pulmonary arteriole dilation and constriction.
breathing difficulty
Patient moved from Fort Worth to Denver where the elevation is much higher and decrease in oxygen
LOCATION
With age, the patient had to have been exposed to many irritants during her life
Living in the Fort Worth has many irritants and pollution surrounding the city that contributes to unhealthy lungs
AGE
EFFECTS OF SYMPTOMS:
fluid in lungs
excess fluid/ inflammation of alveoli sacs results in difficult breathing
shallow breathing
not enough O2 deliver
wet, wheezing cough
bronchi releases sputum causes wet coughs
EFFECTS ON OTHER SYMPTOMS:
IMMUNE
body has difficulty fighting infection
antibodies do not work against viral infections
immune system is deteriorating due to old age
CIRCULATORY
infection can spread from lungs into bloodstream
patient goes into septic shock because of low blood pressure and reduced blood flow to major organs (built up CO2 in organs)
CARDIOVASCULAR
decrease oxygen delivery to tissues and cells leads to increase respiratory rate
tachycardia
RESPIRATORY
shallow/ difficultybreathing
pain in chest when taking deep breaths
cough up mucus
DIRECT CAUSE
inhaled irritants (bacteria, smoke, viruses)
patient could have heart failure that caused fluids in lungs
insufficient O2 delivery to body due to high altitudes
LEFT UNTREATED
respiratory failue
asthma
cystic fibrosis
weak immune system
bacteria or virus enters the lungs leading to development of pneumonia
body fights against infection