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EIT Week 10- WW1 and Social Change (Arthur Marwick's 4-Tier Model (4)…
EIT Week 10- WW1 and Social Change
Political divide- question of who ruled Europe and the working-class challenge
Social divide- between classes with seemingly rigid structure- extreme poverty and extreme wealth- urban and rural- skilled and unskilled
Gender division- clear gender roles- very limited opportunities for women and suffrage protests
Recruitment a major theme of WW1 propaganda- get everyone involved in the war effort- involvement of woman, young people and different sections of society encouraged- unite domestic society- remove the divisions- create a more level society
Gender divisions eroded- economic divide lessened- class distinctions minimised
Germany- 1,773,700 dead- 4,216,058 casualties- increased civilian deaths from starvation and hypothermia- 'Auxiliary Service Law' forced all domestic workers to serve the war effort- economic disaster and hyperinflation- social and political revolt
Austria-Hungary- disintegration of empire- populations split up- resources lost- prelude to future ethnic and national tensions- economic issues exacerbated- creates fundamental social division
Russia- revolution and civil war- truly socially devastated by war- came out of the war unified against autocratic government, behind desire for social change and tackling quality- unified in long run behind Soviet government
The Victors- nations happy with themselves- people wanted change, governments willing to provide this- divisions brought down by war- society brought closer together- older social expectations, values and certainties replaced by new values, opportunities and a new social order
France- largest casualty percentage of deaths- led to severe decline in birth rates- reparation demanded by France to pay for rebuilding, but not enough- severe economic problems- political division
Britain- calls for social/economic rewards- a 'land fit for heroes'- women given vote for 1st time (Representation of the People Act)- growth of Labour Party- economic problems- a lot of casualties- landed elite suffered disproportionately- altered traditional hierarchies
Pre-1914- women not allowed to vote- can't serve on juries- only 35% worked out of home- underpaid, low-skilled jobs- women expected to give up their careers in marriage
'Total' War- total mobilisation of economy towards military ends- participation of all social groups
Arthur Marwick's 4-Tier Model
4) Psychological Dimension- war as an intense emotional experience- can help facilitate change- helps make that change acceptable
3) Participation- participation of previously disadvantaged groups in national war effort
2) Test- testing of existing social and political structures of society- might mean collapse of some structures and transformation of others
1) Destruction/Disruption- destruction or disruption of familiar peace-time conditions
1 million British women working in munitions factories by 1918
'VAD'- female ambulance driver in Voluntary Aid Detachment
Representation of the People Act, Feb 1918- enfranchised all men over age of 21- women over age of 30, if they owned or rented property to value of £5 annually- enfranchised 8.5 million women
1928 Equal Franchise Act- all men and women could vote when 21
**B. Bader-Zaar, 'Controversy: War-related Changes in Gender Relations: The Issue of Women's Citizenship' in
1914-1918 online International Encyclopaedia of the 1st World War*
war as a potential catalyst of change- differing impacts in different countries that didn't result in an immediate achievement of full citizenship for women