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Patient diagnosed with AIDS (Background (Lymphoid cells (Lymphocytes (B…
Patient diagnosed with AIDS
Tested positive for HIV 1 year prior
Patient was asymptomatic
If patient was symptomatic he could have experienced: Sore throat, swollen glands, muscle aches, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or night sweats
Virus multiplies and causes immune and organ damage
People with Stage 1 and 2 HIV often show no signs of infection and the virus is multiplying
Patient has CD4 receptor
HIV targets the CD4 receptor also knows a T cells
HIV uses reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from it's viral RNA
HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body
Obtained HIV by coming in contact with an infected persons bodily fluid
HIV commonly enters the body via blood-contaminated needles or intercourse
Infected mother can transmit virus to her fetus
High mutation rate
HIV has the ability to develop drug resistance
Patient should have followed up with physician to start antiretroviral drug treatment
Antiretroviral drugs are used to lower the viral load
Antiretroviral drugs help reduce the transmission of HIV itself
AIDS is last stage of HIV
Crippled immune system
Increased number of severe illnesses (opportunistic illnesses)
Common opportunistic infections AIDS patients: Pneumonia, thrush, and TB
Cancer risk increases
No cure
Without treatment, survival rate is about 3 years
With treatment HIV can become under control
People don't die from AIDS itself, they die from opportunistic infections
Antiviral drugs are available and often used in combination
Often the combination drug therapies fail due to the virus becoming resistant
AIDS-Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Diagnosed with AIDS when CD4 cells drop below 200 cells/mm
Diagnosed with AIDS if patient develops certain opportunistic illnesses
High viral load and highly infectious
AIDS symptoms: Chills, fever, sweats, swollen lymph glands, weakness, and weight loss
Unable to take antibiotics as HIV/AIDS is a virus not a bacterial infection.
Viruses have a different structure and replicate differently than bacteria
Helper T cells activate B and T cells to multiply
Without helper T cells, there is no adaptive immune response
Their cytokines furnish the chemical help needed to recruit other immune cells
Background
Lymphoid organs: Bone Marrow and thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid cells
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and Natural Killer cells
B-cells and T-cells originate in the red bone marrow
Lymphocyte precursors destined to become T cells migrate (in blood) to the thymus and mature there
B cells mature in the bone marrow
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
Immunocompetent but still naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow
When a lymphocyte's antigen receptors bind its antigen, that lymphocyte can be activated
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They "seed" the secondary lymphoid organs and circulate through blood and lymph
During maturation lymphocytes develop immunocompetence and self-tolerance
Natural Killer cells "police" the body in blood and lymph
Unique group of defensive cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells bfore the adaptive immune system is activated
Group of large granular lymphocytes
Kill by directly contacting the target cell, inducting it to undergo apoptosis
Secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC
Becomes phagocytic on encountering infectious material in tissues
Esoinophils
Lead counter attack against parasitic worms
Basophils
Rarest WBC
Bind to immunoglobulin E that causes the cells to release histamine
Mast cells
Found in connective tissues
Bind to immunoglobulin E that causes the cells to release histamine
Phagocytic cells
Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Macrophages derive from monocytes and are known as "big eaters"
Actively phagocytic and crucial in the body's defense against viruses, certain intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections such as TB
Monocytes
Largest WBC
When leaving the blood stream in to the tissues, they differentiate into highly mobile macrophages
Dendritic cells are found at the body's frontiers where they act as mobile sentinels.
Once they have internalized antigens by phagocytosis, they enter nearby lymphatics to get to a lymph node where they will present the antigens to T cells
Innate defenses
Surface barriers
Mucous membranes
Cilia, antibacterial proteins, lysozymes, HCL
Skin
Keratin, Sebum, acid
Internal defenses
NK cells
Secrete perforins, cytolytes, histamines, cytokines
Activated by viruses
Destroyers
Fever
Caused by pyrogens
Stimulates high metabolism
Damages pathogens
Phagocytes
Neutophils, eosinophils, mast cells, Kupffer cells, microglia
Antimicrobial proteins
Interferon
Makes cells resistant to viral reproduction, several kinds, antiviral drugs
Complement
Proteins C1-C9 that link to antibodies, or factors B, D, and P that link to glycocalyx
Lead to pathogen cell lysis
CRP
Comes from the liver
Binds to pathogens to mark it for destruction by macrophages
Inflammation
Response to infection causing dilation of blood vessels, redness, pain, swelling, release of leukocytosis-inducting factors, attracting neutrophils
Adaptive defenses
Humoral immunity
B Cells
Antibody mediated
Triggered by antigens complete, incomplete (Haptens), antigenic determinants, self antigens (MHC class I and II)
B-Cells, when encountering antigen, clones itself, makes plasma proteins which produce antibodies, or memory B cells to remember pathogens
Cellular immunity
T cells
Cell Mediated
T-Cells, when activated by antigen, stimulates macrophages to hunt and destroy pathogen
APCs(Dendritic cells), present antigens to T and B cells to find the right match to start cloning process
Bacterial Infections
Single celled microorganism
Use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection
Most bacteria cause no harm to humans
Viral infection
Viruses require a living host to multiply and are smaller than bacteria
Viruses take over cells and use its machinery to reproduce the virus
Lytic cycle
Results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane
Viral DNA exists as a separate free floating molecule within the bacterial cell
replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA
Lysogenic stages of a virus
DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome to produce the prophage
Bacterium reproduces, the prophage is copied, and is present in each of the daughter cells.
The daughter cells continue to replicate with the prophage present or the prophage can exit the bacterial chromosome to initiate the lytic cycle.
viral DNA is located within the host DNA
Difference between HIV and AIDS
HIV is a virus
AIDS is a condition
Caused by serious damage to immune system