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Genetics (Monohybrid Crosses (Monohybrid Crosses with Incomplete Dominance…

- - - - Phenotype masks alternative allele
    - - Phenotype completely masked by alternative
  - - - Test cross most useful for this
        
        homozygous recessive for the trait studied
        
        plant in question
    - - difficult to know genotype
      - unless plant shows recessive trait
    - - Genotype easy to determine from phenotype
  - - - Plant's pollen fertilizes own eggs
      - Crossed with plant with same genotype
  - - - F1 (first familial generation)
      - F2 generation
    - - 2 identical alleles
        
        Ex. RR
    - - 2 different alleles
        
        Ex. Rr
    - - Neither parental trait dominates the other
- - - - separated into 2 strands
  - - - Makes complementary strands
    - - Contains one new molecule and one old one
  - - - Travel along the DNA
    - - All new pieces of DNA are Ligated
      - means to attached to each other with covalent bonds
- - - - No effect
    - - generally unimportant
    - - gene will code for a protein
        
        active site is disrupted
        
        protein can't function
  - - - never leads to sex cells
    - - leaves not involved in sexual reproduction
      - not passed on to offspring
  - - - X-rays
      - UV light
      - chemicals
      - radiation from radioactive substances
  - - - Recognize base mismatches and loops
      - Minimize number of errors
    - - Not too efficient or too effective
      - Can't be too perfect
  - - - Piece of DNA is lost
    - - Extra DNA added
    - - Smallest mutations
      - Affects least amount of DNA
      - Single base converted to another
    - - DNA put in backwards
- - - - DNA
      - RNA
- - - - From crossing-over in meiosis
      - Composed of paternal and maternal homologs
    - - Doesn't cross over after meiosis
- - - - Involves numerous cross
      - How many genes contribute to phenotype
  - - - Affects all developmental processes by phytochrome
      - Pyruvate affect of citric acid cycle
      - amino acid synthesis
      - C4 metabolism
- - - - Mutation variability
      - Phenotypic results
      - Can kill plant
    - - Difficult to detect
      - Affects basic metabolic functions
        
        DNA replication
        
        Cellulose synthesis
        
        Respiration
        
        Structure of histones
      - Plants may die very young
  - - - Change in chromosome number
      - Per nucleus in plants
      - Occurs during meiosis
        
        Chromosomes may remain together
        
        Some receive no chromosomes
    - - Wild type allele
        
        Can still be recognized as duplicates
      - Natural selection
    - - More than two sets of chromosomes
      - Even ploidy levels can undergo meiosis
        
        Are fertile
        
        All odd are sterile/triploids
    - - Multiple copies of genes
      - At least 5 versions for phytochrome genes
  - - - Type of maternal inheritance
      - Zygote obtains all material from maternal
        
        Plastids
        
        Mitochondria
    - - both alleles are equal
      - All cells in nucleus undergo this
    - - Ovule Parent
        
        Mutant plastids
        
        Achlorophyllous
      - Pollen Parent
        
        If achlorophyllous parent provides pollen
        
        Zygotes will be green 100%
        
        Mutant plastids are destroyed