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The Respiratory System// Haydee Adame p.7 (definitions of lung capacity…
The Respiratory System// Haydee Adame p.7
Major functions of the
respiratory system
Inhalation and Exhalation Are Pulmonary Ventilation—(That’s Breathing)
The respiratory system aids in breathing, also called pulmonary ventilation. In pulmonary ventilation, air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth). It moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Then air is exhaled, flowing back through the same pathway.
External Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the Lungs and the Bloodstream
Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through the process called external respiration. It binds to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, and is pumped through the bloodstream. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli, and is expelled through exhalation.
Internal Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the Bloodstream and Body Tissues
The bloodstream delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste carbon dioxide through internal respiration, another key function of the respiratory system. In this respiratory process, red blood cells carry oxygen absorbed from the lungs around the body, through the vasculature.
Air Vibrating the Vocal Cords Creates Sound
Phonation is the creation of sound by structures in the upper respiratory tract of the respiratory system. During exhalation, air passes from the lungs through the larynx, or “voice box.” When we speak, muscles in the larynx move the arytenoid cartilages.
Olfaction, or Smelling, Is a Chemical Sensation
The process of olfaction begins with olfactory fibers that line the nasal cavities inside the nose. As air enters the cavities, some chemicals in the air bind to and activate nervous system receptors on the cilia. This stimulus sends a signal to the brain: neurons take the signal from the nasal cavities through openings in the ethmoid bone, and then to the olfactory bulbs.
anatomy of the respiratory tract
upper tract: The upper airways or upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal folds (cords).
lower tract: The lower airways or lower respiratory tract includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal folds, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
organs of the respiratory system and location
(upper and lower respiratory track)
which includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing muscles, aids the body in the exchange of gases between the air and blood, and between the blood and the body’s billions of cells.
Upper respiratory tract: Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx, the organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the chest cavity.
Nasal cavity: Inside the nose, the sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move them to the nose to be sneezed or blown out.
Sinuses: These air-filled spaces along side the nose help make the skull lighter.
Pharynx: Both food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their appropriate destinations. The pharynx also plays a role in speech.
Larynx: The larynx is essential to human speech.
Lower respiratory tract: Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the bronchial tree , the organs of the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest cavity.
Trachea: Located just below the larynx, the trachea is the main airway to the lungs.
Lungs: Together the lungs form one of the body’s largest organs. They’re responsible for providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling carbon dioxide.
Bronchi: The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and create the network of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air.
Bronchi: The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and create the network of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air.
differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi
The point where the trachea divides into the bronchi is called the carina. The right main bronchus is wider, shorter than the left main bronchus, which is thinner and longer.
The Right Bronchus wider, shorter, and more vertical in direction than the left, is about 2.5 cm. long, and enters the right lung nearly opposite the fifth thoracic vertebra.
The trachea divides at the carina into two main or primary bronchi, the left bronchus and the right bronchus. It enters the root of the left lung opposite the sixth thoracic vertebra.
breathing mechanism
Breathing occurs when the contraction or relaxation of muscles around the lungs changes the total volume of air within the air passages.
When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
This increases the space in your chest cavity, and your lungs expand into it.
The muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity.
They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale.
internal and external respiration
internal: oxygen moves out of blood in the capillary and into tissue call, carbon dioxide moves from tissue calls into capillary blood
external: close proximity of capilines in the lungs allows exchnage of gages between blood and alveoli by diffusion
definitions of lung capacity terminology
tidal volume: air moved by one respiration, about 500ml
inspiratory reserve volume: air taken in during maximal inhalation
expiratory reserve volume: air expired during forced exhalation
residual volume:amount of air left in alveoli after forced expiration that keeps alveoli inflated
inspiratory capacity: volume of air inhaled after a normal exhale
funtional residual capacity: air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation has taken pace
vital capacity: total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
total lung capacity: voulume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation
internal and
external respiration
expiration respiration: passive process- air moves out of lungs. during expiration, thorax return to its resting size and shape. diaphragm and external intercosatal muscesrelax and lung recoil
intrnal respiration: oxygen moves outof blood in the capillary and into tissue call. oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin. crbon dioxide moves from tissues cells into capillary blood
disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an umbrella term that encompasses several respiratory illnesses that cause breathlessness, or the inability to exhale normally.
Lung Cancer
With the ability to develop in any part of the lungs, this cancer is difficult to detect. Most often, the cancer develops in the main part of the lungs near the air sacs
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by an infection in the air sacs in the lungs. The infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal.
seasonal flu
Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world.
Tuberculosis
The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks.