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Hazards Case Studies (Earthquakes (Tohoku 2011 (Background (GNI pc $41,340…

- - - - GNI pc $41,340
      - Destructive margin
      - Japanese generally take a fatalist approach- (New Scientists 2011)
    - - Primary
        
        16,000 dead
        
        3300 missing
        
        128,000 properties destroyed
        
        4000 roads damages
        
        78 bridges damaged
        
        25 million tonnes of rubble
        
        1.5 million without water
        
        4.4 million without electricity
      - Secondary
        
        Tsunami- flooding
        
        Contaminated soil affected rice growing
        
        US$300 billion in damage
        
        Shipping disrupted
        
        200 firms went bankrupt by June
    - - China gave $167,000
      - 163 countries offered aid
      - 300,000 in temporary shelters
  - - - 7.1 Richter
      - Conservative
      - Multi Hazardous- 4 hurricanes in 2008
      - They are used to it but not prepared
    - - Short Term
        
        Search and rescue by locals
        
        UN provided security forces
        
        Set up temporary airport
      - Long Term
        
        World Bank pledged $100 million in Aid
        
        3/4 of houses inspected and repaired
        
        International aid from USA and UK
    - - Primary
        
        230,000 deaths
        
        810,000 in aid camps
        
        Destruction of prison and hospitals
        
        180,000 homes destroyed
        
        5000 schools damaged
        
        1.5 million displaces
        
        60% of infrastructure damaged
      - Secondary
        
        Cholera killed 9000
        
        Total cost $11.5 billion
        
        Government crippled
        
        20% of all jobs destroyed
  - - - Destructive- 6.3
      - GDP $42,067
      - Blueprint- adaptation
      - 1/4 children live in poverty
    - - Primary
        
        Liquifaction- 400,000 tonnes of silt
        
        183 deaths
        
        major building and infrastructure damage
      - Secondary
        
        Cost was 20% of NZ GDP
        
        Blueprint- 50% of historic buildings lost
        
        Population fallen by 7000
        
        City without CBD for 4 years
        
        Doughnut effect- blueprint
        
        1/3 rent and costs have gone up
    - - Short Term
        
        Army- search and rescue, provide aid
        
        Power and water restored in 2 weeks
        
        clear up by volunteers
      - Long Term- Blueprint
        
        Government set up 'Blueprint- 21st Century City
        
        20 year project- framework for new CD
        
        Conference centes, libraries, redeveloped Cathedral Square
        
        New transport links
        
        35,000 new dwellings
- - - - Ash scattered 100km radius
      - 1600 dead
      - 3000 injured
      - 20 million tonnes of material into atmosphere
      - $100 million in damage
      - lahars and landslides caused by monsoon
    - - Itus tribe refused to leave
      - Outdated equipment- not enough to monitor all the volcanoes
      - Evacuation of 1 million people
    - - GDP $2951 pc
      - Literacy 95.6%
      - Subduction
      - Mt Pinatubo- near capital of Manila
    - - Evacuation of Clark Air military base- 15,000 people
      - Temporary homes- some still living there in 2005
      - Attempt to save rice and sugar farms from lahar deposits
  - - - 2/3 houses buried in ash
      - 3/4 of infrastructure destroyed
      - airport destroyed
      - Half the population emigrated
      - Unemployment rose to 50%
      - 70% rise in rent prices
      - 19 killed in associated fires
    - - Subduction
      - GDP $8500 pc
      - Literacy 97%
    - - 1996- mass evacuation of capital Plymouth
      - 5000 living in temporary shelters
      - 2000- southern part of island made an exclusion zone
      - 2000 people left the island on the first day
      - New Volcano observatory set up
- - - - 1/2 billion animals have died
      - 30% of koalas killed
      - 24 dead
      - 6 million hectares burned
      - more that 130 fires in NSW
      - Flames up to 70m
    - - Pyrocumulonimbus clouds- positive feedback
      - Climate change- hotter and drier (40C)
      - Temp 1C over long term average
  - - - Lack of winter rainfall
      - High temps and low humidity in April
      - Early may > 30C
      - Fires created own weather pattern
      - Strong El Nino
    - - Environmental
        
        600 000 ha of land burned
        
        millions of tonnes of CO2
        
        Toxins from combustion
        
        Pollution reached USA and Gulf Coast
        
        Ash polluted water
      - Economic
        
        CAN$9bn in damage
        
        1/3 of Oil Sands Industry evacuated- cost industry CAN$1bn
        
        Transport affected- airport
      - Social
        
        90,000 evacuated
        
        2400 homes destroyed
        
        Power and water supply disrupted
      - Political
        
        Debate over influence of climate change
        
        Govt officials overseeing evacuation
        
        Coordination of rebuilding services and infrastructure
    - - satellite monitoring
      - 9000 evacuated
      - State of emergency
      - Help from USA, Russia and Australia
      - Evacuees received $1250 in support
      - June 2016- 'Fire Aid' concert
- - - - Cat 5
      - 230km/h winds
      - have 700 hurricane shelters
      - people encouraged to evacuate
      - Public transport suspended
      - Military Force on alert
    - - Primary
        
        350,000 affected
        
        250,000 in need of water/sanitation
        
        44 killed
        
        40,000 homes damaged
        
        80% lost power
        
        130,000 in need of shelter
        
        225 schools damaged
        
        126 injured
      - Secondary
        
        $959 million in damaged and losses to Fiji's infrastructure sectors
        
        Two ports in Taveni damaged
        
        Rise in food prices due to damage to crops
        
        Agriculture industry lost $54 million
    - - Short term
        
        Provision of food, water and shelter
        
        Thousands in temporary shelter
        
        Fiji Govt declared state of emergency
        
        Airport reopened in 2 days
        
        Emergency support from Aus and NZ
        
        Power restored in 3 weeks
      - Long term
        
        Govt supplied $9 million to over 40,000 families
        
        'Help for homes' scheme
        
        FRANZ Agreement- FR, Aus and NZ provided support
        
        Australia- US$3.6 million
        
        Aid from China, Korea, India, EU, Asian Development Bank and UN
  - - - 160km/h winds
      - USA had advanced warning from Caribbean
      - Warnings issues and preparations made
      - Merged with a weather system from the West, making it an Extratropical Storm
    - - Primary
        
        50 killed in Haiti
        
        70% of Jamaicans had no electricity
        
        160 dead in USA
        
        Affected 24 US states
        
        $75 billion in damage
      - Secondary
        
        Disruption to transport- streets, subways, tunnels flooded
        
        Kingston airport closed
        
        30,000 US residents still displaced in 2013
    - - Short term
        
        USA power companies hired additional contractors to fix the powerlines
        
        Federal Govt signed emergency declarations to ensure US Air Force would be on alert
        
        4000 Red Cross Volunteers
      - Long term
        
        Live Concert raised $20million
        
        US Govt gave $50bn
        
        Less than 1/2 those who required help had received it by Dec 2013
        
        Army Engineers conducted post flood survey and introduced new building regulations