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The Respiratory System Angelynn Torres Period 4 (Organs/ Anatomy of the…
The Respiratory System
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Organs/ Anatomy of the respiratory system and location:
Nasal Conchae:
protrude from nasal cavity walls
-- superior, middle, & inferior nasal conchae
filter, heat and moisten air
Precipitate moisture and extract heat
Pharynx: Connects nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
Divided into 3 regions
Nasopharynx:
Serves only as an an air passageway
prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
High on its posterior wall is pharyngeal tonsil
Oropharynx:
Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it
Laryngopharynx:
Passageway for food and air
Esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach
Nasal Cavity: Mucous membrane
-- Olfactory Mucosa: lines superior region of the nasal cavity and contains small receptors in its olfactory epithelium
-- Respiratory mucosa: most of the nasal cavity, rests on a lamina propria supplied with seremucous nasal glands
Larynx:
Voice box
Provide a patent (open) airway
Act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
Nose: airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
serves as resonating chamber for speech
houses small receptors
Epiglottis:
Elastic Cartilage
Covered by a taste bud containing mucosa
Epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet
Vocal Folds:
Lying under the laryngeal mucosa
Vibrate, produce sounds as air rushes up from the lungs
Pleurae:
Form a thin, double - layerd serosa
produces pleural fluid, which fills slitlike pleural cavity
Allows lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements
Helps divide the thoracic cavity into 3 chambers: central mediastinum and two lateral pleural compartments
Trachea: A large tube that goes to the lungs
It extends from the larynx to the bronchial tubes
It helps transport air to the lungs
Bronchi: Airways that lead from the trachea to the lungs
bronchi branches into smaller bronchioles
they prevent the lungs from collapsing
Internal and
external respiration:
Internal:
Involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Partial pressure & diffusion gradients are reversed
Oxygen diffuses out of the blood & carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells
Same gases move in opposite directions
External:
Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the lungs
Color change in blood
O2 uptake & binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, but CO2 exchange occurs equally fast
Influences:
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
Ventilation- perfusion coupling(matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion
Breathing Mechanism:
Inspiration: Inhilation
Inspiratory muscles are activated (resting inspiration):
Action of the diaphragm:
When diaphragm contracts: it moves inferiorly and flattens
superior-inferior dimension of thoracic cavity increases
Action of the intercostal muscles:
Contract --> lift rib cage and pull sternum superiorly
Expiration: Exhalation
Forced expiration:
active process produced by contracting abdominal wall muscles: oblique and transverse muscles
Contractions:
increase intraabdominal pressure
Depress rib cage
Quiet expiration: passive process that depends on lung elasticity
Definitions of lung capacity terminology:
Vital Capacity: (VC)
Amount of exchangeable air
-- Sum of TV, IRV & ERV
Total Lung Capacity: (TLC)
Sum of all lung volumes
Functional Residual Capacity: (FRC)
Air remaining in lungs
-- combines RV & ERV
Inspiratory Capacity: (IC)
Amount of air inspired after tidal expiration
-- Sum of TV & IRV
Forced Vital Capacity: (FVC)
measures gas expelled when a deep breath is taken & then a forceful exhale as rapid as possible
Forced Expiratory Volume: ( FEV)
Air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
Differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi:
Left Lung:
It is larger and longer, also a bit more narrow
It has 2 lobes
Right Lung:
It is much shorter and wider
It has 3 lobes
This is due to the position of surrounding organs
Left Primary Bronchi:
thinner and longer
divides into 2 lobar bronchi
Right Primary bronchi:
wider and shorter
divides into 3 lobar bronchi
Major Functions of the respiratory system:
Obtain oxygen: Our lungs obtains oxygen through the nasal cavity, trachea and the lungs
Remove carbon dioxide: As we exhale carbon dioxide is being removed from our lungs
Inhalation and expiration: This is pulmonary ventilation that occurs in our bodies
External respiration: The exchanges of gases in our body between the blood and lungs
Internal Respiration: Exchange of gasses between blood and body tissues
Airway for respiration provided by our nose, filters and cleans the air
Disorders of the respiratory system:
Pneumonia: Bacterial or Viral infection of the lungs
Causes of Risk Factors:
Bacterial Infection
Viral Infection
Aspiration
Symptoms:
Fever
Shortness of breath
Chills
Treatments: Over the counter medication antibiotics
oxygen therapy
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma
Symptoms:
Chronic cough
Lung Damage
Heart Damage
Treatments:
Smoking Cessation
Medications
Antibiotics
Causes of Risk Factors:
Asthmatic bronchitis
Tobacco smoke
Dust exposure
Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms:
Cough with thick mucus
weight loss & night sweats
Swollen lymph nodes
Treatments:
Long term antibiotics
Surgery
Medication
Causes of Risk Factors:
Contagious, inhaled
weakened immune system
Care/ live with TB patients
Seasonal Flu: A Viral infection, there are many variations of this virus & it changes from year to year
Causes or risk factors:
Inhaled in respiratory droplets
Age
Chronic illness
Symptoms:
Dry Cough
Conjection
Headache
Treatments:
Early vaccination
Antiviral medication
Rest
Lung Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth & developmental of tumors in the lungs
Symptoms:
Chest Pain
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Treatment:
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgical removal
Causes or Risk Factors:
Smoking
Radon Gas
Genetics