Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapter 16: Genetics (Mutations (Types (point (single base), Somatic…

- - - - Insertion Sequence #
      - Transposon #
        
        transposon mutagenesis
        
        beneficial metabolic pathway research
  - - - natural selection preserves beneficial ones
  - - - single base
    - - mutations in cells that never lead to sex cells
    - - flipped/swapped
  - - - remove mutations
- - - - all plants with 2 sets of chromosomes
      - ploid levels
    - - duplicates of wild type allele
    - - multiple copies
        
        has inactive genes
        
        raw material for evolution of genes
  - - - 2 parents-equal
      - all cells in nucleus undergo
    - - zygote obtains all plastid and mitochondrion genomes from maternal parent
    - - ovule
      - pollen
    - - spots/sectors of diff color in green plants
- - - - Crossing Heterozygotes w/ themselves
        
        selfing
        
        plants own pollen used to fertilize it’s own eggs
        
        punnet square #
        
        explains proportions
        
        1:2:1 ratio
      - Complete Dominance
        
        heterozygote phenotype
        
        dominant
        
        showcased
        
        Recessive
      - Test Crosses
        
        cross involving plant in question and one that is homozygous recessive for the trait being studied
        
        show pure-bred lines
      - Multiple Alleles
        
        gene existing in many forms
        
        dominance=complex
        
        many different phenotypes possible
      - Incomplete Dominance
        
        parental generation
        
        first filial generation (F1)
        
        F2 Generation
        
        half of each but neither the same
        
        heterozygous
        
        different
        
        incomplete dominance
        
        1 more item...
        
        homozygous
        
        identical
      - only single character is analyzed
    - - Genes on the Same Chromosome
        
        Linkage
        
        recombinant chromosomes
        
        homologous crossing over
        
        recombination of alleles
        
        parental type chromosomes
        
        majority of the cells
        
        like the parents
        
        linkage group
        
        set of genes known to be linked
      - Crossing Over
        
        far apart
        
        complex forms
      - Genes on Separate Chromosomes
        
        Independent Assortment #
        
        alleles of one gene move independently of alleles of other gene
      - 2 genes are studied
- - - - genetic diversity
    - - form replicon “bubble”
        
        ribonucleotides polymerized #
        
        short primer RNA (10 nucleotides long)
    - - DNA Synthesizing enzyme
      - adds deoxyribonucleotides to 3’ end
      - copies go opposite directions
    - - each strand of DNA acts as the template for making complementary
        
        each double helix contains one new molecule and conserved one new one
    - - DNA uncoils and keeps uncoiling
        
        ligated
        
        attached to each other w/ covalent bonds
- - - - genes or other portions of DNA associated with traits
      - complex
    - - multiple phenotype effects of one mutation
- - - - exact types of alleles
    - - the expression of the alleles