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The Respiratory System Leslie Ross p.7 (Breathing Mechanism (Inspiration-…
The Respiratory System Leslie Ross p.7
definitions of lung capacity terminology
Expiratory Reserve Volume- air expired during forced exhalation
Residual Volume- amount of air left in alveoli after forced expiration that keeps alveoli inflated
Inspiratory Reserve Volume- air taken in during maximal inhalation
Inspiratory Capacity- volume of air inhaled after a normal exhale
Tidal Volume- air moved by one respiration, about 500 mL
Functional Residual Capacity- air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation has taken pace
Total Lung Capacity- volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation
Vital Capacity- total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
organs of the respiratory system and location
(upper and lower respiratory track)
Upper Respiratory Tracts- located outside the chest cavity; nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea
Lower Respiratory Tracts- located in the chest cavity; bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membranes,
differences between the right and left lung and right and left
primary bronchi
Right Primary Bronchi- shorter, wider, and straighter and more in line with trachea
Right Lung- has two tissues and three lobes
Left Primary Bronchi- longer, narrower, and more oblique
Left Lung- has one fissure and two lobes
Breathing Mechanism
Inspiration- movement of air into lungs
Expiration- movement of air out of lung
Ventilation, Respiration- the movement of air from outside the body into, and then out of the lungs (bronchial tree & alveoli)
Diaphragm- flatten during inspiration; increases top-to-bottom length of thorax
External intercostals- contractions moves ribs and sternum upward and outward, increasing the size of thoracic cavity
Surfactants- keep alveoli from sticking to each other so they don't collapse when internal air pressure is low
Surface Tension- between two layers of pleura, the lungs with the chest wall and expand
Forceful Expiration- involves decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity by these expiratory muscles ( coughing, singing, heavy work)
Internal Intercostal Muscles- contraction depresses rib cage, decreasing front-to-back- size of the thorax
Abdominal Muscles- contractions elevates the diaphragm, decreasing size of thoracic cavity from top to bottom
internal and
external respiration
Expiration Respiration- passive process- air moves out of lungs. During expiration, thorax return s to its resting size and shape. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and lung recoil
Internal Respiration- oxygen moves out of blood in the capillary and into tissue cell. Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin. Carbon Dioxide moves from tissues cells into capillary blood
disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia- bacterial or viral infection of the lungs; causes- bacterial infection, viral infection, aspiration; symptoms- fever, chills, diarrhea; treatment- oxygen therapy, antibiotics, over the counter medications
Seasonal Flu- a viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms; causes- age, chronic illness, pregnancy; symptoms- chills, fever, dry cough; treatment- early vaccination, rest and hydration, antiviral medication
Lung Cancer- uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lung; cause- second hand smoking, radon gas, smoking; symptoms- chest pain, weight loss, shortness of breath; treatment- radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal
Tuberculosis- bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; causes- contagious, inhaled, weakened immune system, drug & alcohol abuse; treatment- long- term antibiotics, surgery, medication
COPD- chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma; causes- age, air pollution, genetics; symptoms- chronic cough, tight chest, lung damage; treatment- smoking cessation, medications, antibiotics
Major functions of the
respiratory system
Conducting Zone- passage way for gas; primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole
Respiratory Zone- branch form bronchioles (alveolar duct), alveoli (air sac),out pouching of alveolar duct and sites of gas exchange surrounded by capillaries
Gas Exchange- between alveoli and capillaries, oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide enters alveoli, and macrophages add protection
Distribution of Air- filters, warms, humidifies air
anatomy of the respiratory tract
Nose- supported by bone and cartilage provides an entrance for air in by the hairs inside the nostrils
Nasal Cavity- olfactory receptors (sense of smell) located in mucosa on superior surface and rested lined with respiratory mucosa
Paranasal Sinuses- air filled space within the maxillary frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull. It open to the nasal cavity and are lined with muscus membrane
Pharynx (throat)- a common passageway for air and food, muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx, and aids is producing sounds for speech
Larynx- an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx and helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Trachea (windpipe)- extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left primary bronchi
Bronchial Tree- consists of branched mucous membrane-lined tubes leading from the trachea to the alveoli that arm, moisten, and filter incoming air
Lungs- right and left soft, spongy, cone-shaped lungs separated medially by the mediastinum