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34 year old patient recently diagnosed with AIDS, patient states that he…

- - - - forms mechanical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens and other harmful substances into body.
      - Skin secretions (sweat and sebum) make epidermal surface acidic, which inhibits bacterial growth; also contain various bactericidal chemicals
      - Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes.
    - - mucus
        
        Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts
      - nasal hairs
        
        filter and trap microorganisms in nasal passages
      - cilia
        
        Propel debris-laden mucus away from nasal cavity and lower respiratory passages
      - gastric juice
        
        contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach
      - acid mantle of vagina
        
        inhibits growth of most bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract
      - lacrimal secretion , saliva
        
        continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes (tears) and oral cavity (saliva) , contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys microorganisms
      - urine
        
        Normally acid PH inhibits bacterial growth; cleanse the lower urinary tract as it flushes form the body.
  - - - engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers; macrophages also contribute to adaptive immune responses.
    - - Promote apoptosis (cell suicide) by directly attacking virus infected or cancerous body cells: recognize general abnormalities rather than specific antigens
    - - Prevents injurious agents from spreading to adjacent tissues, dispose of pathogens and dead cells, and promotes tissue repair; released inflammatory chemicals attract phagocytes to the area
    - - Interferons - Proteins released by virus infected cells and certain lymphocytes; act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover; mobilize immune system
      - Complement - a group of bloodborne proteins that, when activated, lyse microorganisms, enhance phagocytosis by opsonization, and intensify inflammatory and other immune response
    - - Systemic response initiated by pyrogens; high body temperature inhibits microbes form multiplying and enhances Boyd repair processes.
  - - - lymph nodes and vessels is important for continually exchanging substances between the blood and the tissue in the body. Fluid constantly leaves the blood, and defense cells and proteins migrate into the surrounding tissue. Most of the fluid is later taken back into the blood vessels.
        
        They contain different defense cells, which trap pathogens and activate the production of specific antibodies in the blood. If lymph nodes become swollen, painful or hard, it can be a sign of an active defense reaction,
    - - Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue situated inside of the bones. Most defense cells are produced and then also multiply here.
        
        They then migrate from the bone marrow into the bloodstream and reach other organs and tissues, where the defense cells mature and specialize.
    - - The gland-like organ is situated behind the breast bone above the heart. Here T lymphocytes mature and are responsible for coordinating the innate and the adaptive immune system.
        
        T cells turn into T effector cells, which trigger and regulate different defense reactions. This type of cells includes T killer cells, which can destroy cells infected with a pathogen. T helper cells are another kind of effector cells, which support other immune cells in doing their work.
    - - It stores different defense cells that are released into the blood to get to the organs such as macrophages, also called scavenger cells, can attack non-self substances and pathogens directly.
        
        T lymphocytes inspect cell surfaces, help in controlling defense and can also directly destroy cells that have been recognized as non-self or as pathogens. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, if needed.
        
        t is responsible for removing red blood cells (erythrocytes).
        Blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are responsible for blood clotting together, are stored and removed in the spleen.
    - - Tonsils also belong to the defense system. Due to their special position at the throat and palate, their defense cells come into contact with pathogens especially soon, and can activate the immune system immediately. Their tissue contains mainly lymphocytes
    - - More than half of all cells that produce antibodies are found in the bowel wall, especially in the last part of the small bowel and in the appendix. These cells recognize pathogens and other non-self substances, and mark and destroy them.
      - MALT stands for Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues that are a set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in the mucous membrane s through out the body .
      - Collections of MALT include the tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix. MALT also occurs in the mucosa of the respiratory and genitourinary organs as as the rest of the digestive tract .
  - - - B cell - Lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow. its progeny (clone membrane) form plasma cells and memory cells.
      - Plasma cell - antibody producing "machine"; produces huge numbers of antibodies. An effector B cell.
      - T cells
        
        Helper T cell - An effector CD4 T cell central to both humoral and cellular immunity. It stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells, activates macrophages, and acts both directly and indirectly by releasing cytokines.
        
        Cytotoxic T cell - An effector CD8 T cell that kiss invaded body cells and cancer cells.
        
        Regulatory T cell - An effector CD4 T cell that slows or stops activity of immune system. important In controlling autoimmune diseases; several different kinds
      - Memory cell - descendant of activated B cell or any class of activated T cell; generated during initial immune response. May exist in body for years, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent encounters with same antigen
      - Antigen-presenting cell APC - Any of several types ( dentritic cell, macrophage, B cell) that engulfs and digests antigen that it encounters, then presents parts of them on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen. This function, antigen presentation, is essential for activation of T cells.
    - - Antigen - Substance capable of provoking an immune response. Typically large , complex molecule ( protein or modified protein) not normally present in the body
      - Antibody - Protein produced by plasma cells are released into body fluids (blood, lymph, saliva, mucus) where they attach too antigens. This causes complement activiation, neutralization, precipation, or agglutination, which "marks" the antigens fro destruction by phagocytes or complement
      - Preforins Granzymes - Released by Tc Cells. Perforins create large pores in the target cells membrane, allowing entry of apoptosis-inducing granzymes
      - Complement - Group of blood borne proteins activated after binding to antibody covered antigens or certain molecules on the surface of microorganisms; enhances inflammatory response and lyses some microorganism's
      - Cytokines - small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system
  - - - Viral infections are caused by Viruses. There is no specific treatment for viral infection other than pain medications, throat relief lozenge, taking decongestants. Treatment is usually focus on relief of symptoms while your body fights off the infection.
      - Types of Viral Infection -influenza
        common cold
        viral gastroenteritis
        chickenpox
        measles
        viral meningitis
        warts
        human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
        viral hepatitis
        Zika virus
        West Nile virus
    - - Bacterial infection is caused by bacteria.Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections. There are many different types of antibiotics, but they all work to keep bacteria from effectively growing and dividing. They’re not effective against viral infections.
      - types of bacterial infection include -strep throat
        urinary tract infection (UTI)
        bacterial food poisoning
        gonorrhea
        tuberculosis
        bacterial meningitis
        cellulitis
        Lyme disease
        tetanus
  - - - Phage infects a cell.
      - The phage DNA circularizes, remains separate from the host DNA
      - Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made. New phage particles are assembled
      - The cell lyses releasing phage
    - - the phage infects the cell
      - the phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome
      - The cell divides and prophage DNA is passed to daughter cells.
      - under stressful situations the phage DNA is excised from the bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle .