Biology Forth Form revision
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
(Bacteria is the only prokaryote)
Eukaryotes
These are bacteria that are single celled
Lack a nucleus
Have no membrane bound organelles
E.g No mitochondria
This includes Fungi, Plants, Animals and Protoctista
Have a nucleus
Contain membrane bound organelles
Are multi or single celled
Things all living things have
Cytoplasm - the site of most chemical reactions
Cell membrane - controls what goes in and out of the cell
Genetic material (DNA)
Ribosomes (RNA). This is the site of protein synthesis
RNA and DNA are linked.
Fungi
Unique features of fingi
They have many nuclei in the hyphae
Have cell wall made of chitin
DNA carries the instructions
to create proteins and holds the genes.
Characteristics of Life
Movement
Respiration
Is the REALSE of energy
Sensitivty
Cells move in cytoplasm
Sense and respond to environment
Nutrition
Process which organisms obtain raw materials
To form larger more complex organic molecules
Excretition
Removal of waste products
Homeostatis
Maintenance of constant internal conditions
despite changes in the external environment.
Reproduction
Production of offspring
in which. DNA is passed from parent to offspring
Growth
The increase of dry mass in an organism or
cell
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that are able to
synthesise organic molecules like glucose from CO2
All plants are autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Cells or organisms that are able
to acquire pre-formed organic molecules such as
glucose.
All fungi and animals are Heterotrophs
Can be multi or single cellular
Mycelium and Hyphae
Mycelium is lots of hyphae
Purpose of mycelium is to excrete enzymes that
break down underground organisms that can be absorbed and consumed. Mycelium is the living body of fungus.
Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually. The way they reproduce is by producing spores that blow about by wind or water. These spores grow on the fruiting body.
Viruses
Viruses spread and reproduce by doing:
Making contact with the host cell
Inserting viral genetic material into the host cell.
The virus obligates the host cell to produce viral proteins and hi- jacks the cellular machinery.
With the uses of the cells cellular machinery and DNA provided from the original virus, the virus’s reproduce.
Eventually there are so many viruses in the cell that it explodes, killing the cell and letting out millions of new viruses to do the same to new cells.
Viruses are not considered as life as they only meet two of the 8 characteristics of life. The 2 characteristics are movement and reproductions.
Fungi and animals also both store carbohydrates as
glycogen.
Order of classification.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Plants
Osmosis, diffusion,
active transport, transpiration.
Bacteria