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Immune: 34yo male, AIDS.
Tested positive for HIV 1+yr.
-Why not…
Immune: 34yo male, AIDS.
Tested positive for HIV 1+yr.
-Why not diagnosed?
-What changed?
-Just infection? Antibiotics?
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Functions of the specific leukocytes, focusing especially on the lymphocytes
Five different leukocytes that accomplish specific tasks based on their abilities and the type of invaders they are fighting.
Neutrophils
White blood cells. Circulate around our body in bloodstream, and when they sense signals that an infection is present, they are the first cells to migrate to site of infection to begin killing.
Basophils
Appear in many inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Contain anticoagulant heparin, prevents blood from clotting too quickly. Also contain the vasodilator histamine, promotes blood flow to tissues.
Eosinophils
Movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and controlling inflammatory responses.
Monocytes
White blood cell that fights off bacteria, viruses and fungi. Biggest type of white blood cell in the immune system. Formed in the bone marrow, released into our blood and tissues.
Lymphocytes
White cells that are crucial to our immune systems. 3 main types: T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Lymphocytes are part of our immune defense and act to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy cells that could cause damage.
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Upstream causes: What is the direct upstream cause of this patient’s problem? What are the indirect causes? Explain how his initial HIV diagnosis has recently changed to one of AIDS.
AIDS is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by HIV. By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
AIDS is the last stage of HIV. The immune system is damaged and allows the person with AIDS to experience more severe illnesses. Today HIV is not curable, but it is treatable. Contracting HIV does not automatically mean you have AIDS.
HIV is passed to sex partners through blood, semen, seminal fluid, and vaginal fluid. Vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom is the main way people get HIV. HIV can infect anyone if they have unprotected sex or share drug needles with infected partners.
When AIDS occurs, your immune system has been severely damaged. You'll be more likely to develop opportunistic infections or opportunistic cancers — diseases that wouldn't usually cause illness in a person with a healthy immune system.
Downstream effects: If HIV destroys TH cells, what does this do to normal immune system physiology? What are the immediate effects on the body? What are the indirect effects of this virus, and why is this
called AIDS? If untreated, what will happen? Is his immune system working at all? Explain.
CD4+ T cells accounting for less than 14 percent of all lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
Less than 200 CD4+ T cells per cubic millimeter of blood, compared with about 1,000 CD4+ T cells for healthy people. CD4+T cells are white blood cells, play an important role in the body's immune system. These cells are destroyed by HIV. Even when a HIV-positive person feels well and is not experiencing any symptoms of the disease, CD4+ T cells are being infected by HIV.
HIV attacks and kills crucial immune system cells, known as T-helper cells. Without T-helper cells (which kill cells that have been infected with germs) many other immune system cells cannot not work properly, including B-cells that make antibodies. A person infected with HIV may not show any symptoms for years. But untreated, the number of T-helper cells steadily drops. Eventually, the numbers fall so low that the risk of infection greatly increases, and the symptoms of AIDS appear.
AIDS pathogenesis is a progressive depletion of CD4+ T-cell populations in close association with progressive impairment of cellular immunity and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
HIV infects white blood cells in the body's immune system, T-helper. The virus attaches itself to the T-helper cell; it then fuses with it, takes control of its DNA, replicates itself and releases more HIV into the blood.
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HIV is a spherical virus. The outer shell of the virus is called the envelope and this is covered in spikes of the glycoproteins, which allow HIV to lock onto the CD4 receptor on CD4 T cells and enter the cell.