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Animals (Chapter 41 (Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive…

- - - - Length of digestive system
    - - Certain bacteria can disrupt stomach health
        
        microbiome can lead to obesity, nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disease
  - - - 2. Digestion
        
        Mechanical digestion- chewing/grinding food into smaller pieces and increasing surface area
        
        Chemical digestion cleaves larger into smaller molecules
        
        3. Absorption- absorbing small molecules such as amino acids
        
        4. Elimination
        
        Extracellular digestion
        
        Gastrovasular cavity
        
        alinmentary canal
        
        Intrcellular digestion- food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis
  - - - Gastrin
        
        Chyme
        
        secretin and CCL inhibit peristalisis and secretion of gastric juices= slowing down digestion
    - - Breakdown of glycogen= energy store + metabolic balance
        
        Glucose Homeostatsis
        
        Insulin= decreases blood glucose concentration
        
        Glucagon=promotes the release of glucose into the blood
    - - Type 1- immune system destroys pancreas cells
        
        Type 2- target cells fail to take up glucose from the blood
  - - - Proteins- Amino Acids
        
        (Macromolecule)
      - Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
      - Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides
      - Lipids- Fatty Acids
        
        (Macromolecules)
    - - ex. amino acids and fatty acids cant be synthesized
        
        Malnutrients- Too much nutrients
    - - Vitamins- organic
        
        Help animals with body function and immunity
      - Minerals-inorganic
        
        essential for regulation of water
  - - - Plant defense ex. thorns
    - - Hunting
    - - depends on their characteristics
  - - - Stomach- HCL and pepsin liquefy food
        
        Small Intestine-
        
        Pancrease- secrete biocharbonate
        
        Liver- storage
        
        Large Intestine
- - - - Autotrophs-(plants) Build Energy
        
        Heterotrophs- (animals) Break down energy
    - - Hibernation
  - - - ex. when it is 45 degrees outside, you stay the same
        
        Homeostasis- maintaining a balance/steady state
        
        Negative feedback- helps return a variable to normal range
        
        ex. body temp high= you star sweating
    - - Positive feedback- amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis
        
        ex. during childbirth, oxytosin is released
    - - ex. jet lag
  - - - Endothermic- Animals GENERATE heat by metabolism
        
        Ectothermic- Animals GAIN heat from external sources (heat lamps)
        
        tolerate variation in internal temp (comforter)
        
        cold blooded like reptiles
        
        Maintain a stable body temperature (regulator)
        
        (warm blooded animals)
  - - - when you "exchange," you BRANCH or FOLD and increase surface area
        
        SA= H x W x # of Sides
        
        More packed = better you are with exchanging material *
    - - Tissue
        
        Organs
        
        Organ System
        
        Organism
    - - Endocrine system- Transmits CHEMICAL signals called HORMONES
        
        aka the "blood highway" + its slow
      - Nervous System- Transmits information between specific locations
        
        Transmission is FAST but finishes quickly
    - - Digestive
        
        Food Processing
        
        Mouth
      - Circulatory
        
        Distribution of Materials
        
        Heart
      - Respiratory
        
        Gas Exchange
        
        Lungs
      - Immune and Lyphatic
        
        Body defense/ Fighting infections
        
        Bone Marrow
      - Excretory
        
        Disposal of metabolic waste
        
        Kidneys and Bladder
      - Endocrine
        
        Coordination of Body activities
        
        Pancreas
      - Reproductive
        
        Gamete production
        
        Ovaries/ Testes
      - Nervous
        
        Coordination of Body activties
        
        Brain/ Spinal Cord
      - Integumentary
        
        Protection against mechanical injury
        
        Skin and Hair
      - Skeletal
        
        Body support
        
        Bones, Tendons
      - Musclular
        
        Movement
        
        Skeletal Muscles such as Cardiac Muscle