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34 year old male patient with HIV (Background (HIV and AIDS differences…
34 year old male patient with HIV
Background
Organs and cells of immune system
Primary lymphoid organs
Thymus
Bone marrow
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Lymph vessels
Cells
B cell
Plasma cell
T cells
Helper T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Regulatory T cell
Memory cell
Antigen presenting cell
Innate and Adaptive defenses
Innate
Surface barriers
Skin
Keratin
Sebum
Acid
Mucous membranes
Cilia
Antibacterial proteins
Lysozymes
Internal defenses
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
Fever
Damages pathogens
NK cells
Destroy virus
Antimicrobial proteins
Interferon
Make cells resistant to viral reproduction
CRP
Binds to pathogens to mark for destruction
Inflammation
Response to infection causing dilation of blood
Adaptive
Humoral immunity
B cells
Clones itself when encountering antigen
Makes plasma proteins to produce antibodies
Cellular immunity
T cells
Gets activated by antigen
Stimulates macrophages to hunt and destroy pathogens
APCs
Present antigens
Lytic and lysogenic stages
Lytic
The phage infects the cells
Phage DNA circularizes, remaining separate from the host DNA
Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made
New phage particles are assembled
Cell lyses releasing phage
Lysogenic
Phage infects cell
Phage DNA becomes incorporated into host genome
Cell divides
Prophage DNA is passed on to daughter cell
Stressful conditions make phage DNA excised from bacterial chromosome and enters lytic cycle
Functions of leukocytes
B cells
Makes antibodies against antigens
Perform the role of APCs
Develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interacton
T cells
Memory T cells
Protect against encountered pathogens
NK T cells
Distinguish infected or cancerous cells
Attack cells that are not identified as body cells
Regulatory cells
Suppress the action of B and T cells when needed
Helper T cells
Activate cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and stimulate antibody production
Cytotoxic T cells
Destroy infected cells through the use of granule sacs containing digestive enzymes
APCs
Detects pathogens
Fragments are transported to surface to serve as an indicator to other immune cells
Engulf antigen to form many different fragments
HIV and AIDS differences
HIV is a virus, AIDS is a condition
AIDS is the 3rd stage of HIV
HIV kills helper T cells
In AIDS only the innate defenses work
Viral and bacterial infection
Viral
Made of protein coat and core of genetic material
Cant survive without host
Can only reproduce by attaching itself to cells
Reprogram cells to make new viruses
Turn normal cells to bad ones
Bacterial
Complex single cell creatures
Reproduce on their own
Can survive in different enviorments
Most are harmless
Can be helpful to the body
Downstream
Body without helper T cells
Cannot signal B cells to produce anitbodies
Cannot signal cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells
When most helper T cells are depleted
Body cannot launch a specific immune response
Body becomes susceptible to many infections
Possible immediate symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms
Dementia
Fatigue
Respiratory infection
Shingles
Indirect effects
Allows other pathogens to infiltrate the body
Pathogens can take over since immune system is not working properly
AIDS
Does not work anymore because it is deficient in helper T cells
AIDS left untreated
Survive for only a few years
Symptoms
Chill
Fever
Swollen lymph glands
Is the immune system working?
Innate defenses are working
Adaptive defenses are down
T helper cells are required for most adaptive immune responses
Without Helper T cell
B cells cant be activated to secrete antibodies
Cant help macrophages to destroy ingested microbes
Cant help activate Cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells
Upstream
Possible contaminated needle
Possibly being promiscuous
Possible contaminated blood
HIV was not treated before hand