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Human Computer Interaction (CHAPTER 3 : EVALUATION TECHNIQUE (3.1.5…

- - - - with actual users,If possible. Important: sample size chosen
    - - prediction of experiment outcome
        
        example:font size influence error
    - - Between subject
        
        -more users required
        
        -no transfer of learning
      - Within subject
        
        -Transfer for learning possible
        
        -each participants perform under each different condition
    - - Independent Variable(IV)
        
        characteristics change to product different conditions
        
        example:number of menu item
      - Dependent Variable(DV)
        
        characteristics measured in experiment
        
        Example:time taken
    - - Statistical measures
        
        Choice statical technique on type of data and information required
        
        Before do statics look at data and save original data
  - - - test usability and functionality of system
      - occurs in laboratory, field and/or in collaboration with users
      - evaluates both design and implementation
      - should be considered at all stages
    - - assess extent of system functionality
      - assess efect of interface on user
      - identify specific problems
    - - Cognitive Walkthrough
        
        Propose by Polson et al.
        
        performed by expert in cognitive psychology
        
        evaluate design
        
        forms used to guide analysis
        
        to identify potential problems using psychological principles
        
        to establish how easy a system is to learn
        
        Need 4 things
        
        Specification
        
        Description
        
        List
        
        Indication
        
        Question for the action sequence
        
        Is the effect of the action the same as user's goal at that point?
        
        Will users see that the action is available?
        
        Once users have found the correct action, will they know it is the one they need?
        
        After the action taken, will users understand the feedback they get?
  - - - Performed under laboratory conditions
        
        Adavantages
        
        Interruption free environment
        
        Specialist equipment available
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Users handling the system not in a real way
        
        The system is not tested in real environment
        
        Appropriates
        
        suitable for the system that need to be located in a dangerous or remote location and involved a single-user tasks.
    - - Performed in the work environment or 'in the field'
        
        Advantages
        
        Evaluate the system in its real environment
        
        Study of interaction in actual use
        
        Reduce cost
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Interruptions by noises (phone calls) and movements
        
        Appropriates
        
        where context is crucial for longitudinal studies
    - - Think Aloud
      - Cooperative evaluation
      - Protocol analysis
      - Automated analysis
      - Post-task walkthroughs
    - - Questionnaires
        
        set of fixed questions given to users
        
        Advantages
        
        quick and reaches large user group
        
        can be analyzed more rigorously
        
        Disadvantages
        
        less flexible
        
        less probing
      - Interviews
        
        analyst questions user on one-to-one basis usually based on prepared questions
        
        Advantages
        
        can be varied to suit context
        
        issues can be explored more fully
        
        Disadvantages
        
        very subjective
        
        time consuming
  - - - Qualitative vs Quantitative
    - - High level vs Low level
    - - Subjective vs Objective
    - - Obtrusive vs Unobtrusive
    - - Laboratory vs Field
    - - Time,Subjects.Equipments,Expertise
    - - Design vs Implementation
- - - - Process-Oriented Design Rational
      - Design Space Analysis
        
        QOC
        
        IPA
      - Schnelderman's 8 Golden Rules
        
        :check:Enable users to use shortcuts
        
        :check:Enable frequency users to use shortcuts
        
        :check:Offer information feddback
        
        :check:Design dialogs to yield closure
        
        :check:Offer error prevention and simple error handling
        
        :check:Permit easy reversal of action
        
        :check:Support internal locus of control
        
        :check:Reduce short-term memory load
    - - Designing interactive products to support the way people communicate and interact in their everyday and working lives
      - four basic activities
        
        identifying needs and establishing requirements
        
        Developing alternative designs
        
        Building interactive versions of the designs
        
        Evaluating designs
      - Three key characteristics
        
        Focus on users early in the design and evaluation of the artefact
        
        Identify, document and agree specific usability and user experience goals
        
        Iteration is inevitable. Designers never get it right first time
      - Type of Design Rational
        
        :check:Process-Oriented
        
        :check:Structure-Oriented
        
        :check:Pchychogical Design Rational
      - goals of interaction design
        
        Develop usable products
        
        Usability means easy to learn, effective to use and provide an enjoyble experience
    - - PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
        
        programming and scripting languages
        
        UNIX or DOS command-line interface
        
        SQL
        
        VOICE ANSWERING SYSTEM
        
        WEB APPLICATION SYSTEM
        
        AUTO TELLER MACHINE (ATM)
        
        xvdzgdg
        
        ability to withdraw money at any time even when the bank does not open
        
        they are faster since you do not have to wait in line and get money
    - - Learn ability
        :check: begin effective interaction and achieve maximal performance
        
        flexibility
        :check: which the user and system exchange information
        
        Robustness
        :check: Determining successful achievement and assessment of goals
      - Identify the standars and guidelines of design rules
- - - - Touch
      - Taste
      - Sound
      - Smell
      - Sight
    - - Touch in the Interface
        
        Touch sense can be used to both send and receive information
      - Handwriting Recognition
        
        Natural form of Communication
      - Sound in the Interface
        
        Important contributor to usability
      - Gesture Recognition
        
        Able to control the computer with certain movement of the hand
  - - - Narrator
        
        Narrator is a Text-to-Speech utility for user who are blind or have impaired vision.
        
        Jenwave, Powertalk, Speechexpert
      - Biometric access control
        
        Verify and identify by analyzing a unique person attribute or behavior.
        
        Fingerprint, Palm scanner, hand geometry
  - - - System running on small computing devices
      - Facilities high level of mobility
    - - Systems always with the user and always interacting.
      - Facilitates high level of immersion into virtual space and mobility
- - - - 1.2 HUMAN INTERACTION USAGE
        
        Input devices :pencil2:
        
        Keyboards
        
        Mouse, Trackballs, Touch Pads
        
        Touch Screens
        
        Speech Input
        
        3D trackers, 3D Mouse
        
        Output devices :pencil2:
        
        Screens
        
        Printers
        
        Sound Output
        
        Virtual reality systems & 3D visualization text :pencil2:
        
        Positioning in 3D Space
        
        Moving and Grasping
        
        Seeing 3D (Helmets and Caves)
        
        :pencil2:Physical devices
        
        Sound
        
        Smell
        
        Sensors
        
        :pencil2:Memory capacity
        
        :red_flag:Involves re-encoding and remembering
        :red_flag:Human can not remember all the things -must be processed and managed
        :red_flag:
        
        :pencil2:Processing speed
        
        :check:Processing speed is one of the main elements of the cognitive process, which is why it is one of the most important skills in learning, academic performance, intellectual development, reasoning, and experience.
      - a. command line interface
        :check: Wayof expressing instructions to the computer directly
        :check: Suitable for repetitive tasks
        advantages :check: works with script files
        disadvantages :green_cross:user needs to memorize command format
        b. Menus
        :check: : Set of options displayed on the screen.
        :star:Options visible
        :star:Selection by
        :star:Menu interaction - a list of system options is provided and a specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu option
        :star: Pop up menu
        
        c. Form fills
        :check: Primarily for data entry or data retrieval
        d. Natural Language Interaction
        :check: human-computer interaction method whereby inputs to and outputs from a computer-based application are in a conventional spoken language such as English.
        e. WIMP interface (Windows, Icon, Menus, Pointers)
        :fire: WINDOWS- a rectangular part of the screen
        :fire: ICONS- a graphical representation of an object
        :fire: MENUS- a list of command buttons
        :fire: POINTERS- mouse or similar pointing device
        
        f. Question/Answer and query dialog
        :red_flag: user led through interaction via series of questions
        :red_flag: suitable for novice users but restricted functionality
        :red_flag: (query) used to retrieve information from database
        
        g. Form fills
        :red_flag: Primarily for data entry or data retrieval
        :red_flag: Screen like paper form
  - - - :baseball:Establishing the goal
      - :basketball::Formulates intention
      - :baseball:Specifies actions at interface
      - :basketball:Executes action
      - :baseball:Perceives system state
      - :basketball:interprets system state
      - :baseball:Evaluates system state with respect to goal
    - - 4 Main Components
        
        (S)System
        
        (U)User
        
        (I)Input
        
        (O)Output
- - - - Perceptible information
        
        Provide effective communication
      - Tolerance for error
        
        Minimizing the impact and damage caused by mistakes.
      - Simple and intuitive to use
        
        Use regardless of knowledge , experience and language
      - Low Physical effort
        
        Comfortable to use
      - Flexiblity in use
        
        Allow for range of ability and preference through choice of method of use
      - Size and space for approach and use
        
        Can used by any user regardless of body size and posture or mobility
      - Equitable use
        
        useful to people with range of ablity