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Structure of Woody Plants (Secondary Xylem (Growth rings # (early wood…

- - - - meristem
        
        makes secondary plant body
      - only two types of cells
        
        Fusiform initials
        
        ray initials
    - - Never undergo cell cycle arrest
      - term only used for young plants
    - - Resume mitosis
      - term only used for young plants
  - - - 140-462 UM in dicots
      - 700-8700 UM in conifers
    - - anticlinal walls
    - - periclinal wall
        
        two elongate cells
    - - tracheids
      - vessel elements
      - fiber
      - Sieve tube members
      - companion cells
  - - - store parenchyma
      - aluminous cells
  - - - uniserite
        
        one cell wide
      - biseriate
        
        two cells wide
      - multiseriate
        
        many cells wide
    - - storied cambium
        
        regular horizontal rows
        
        evolved after nonstoried cambium
        
        only occur in
        
        few advanced eudicots species
      - nonstoried cambium
        
        irregular, no horizontal patterns
- - - - darker
      - drier
      - tylosis
        
        protoplasm plug
        
        prevents fungal and bacterial growth
        
        darkenss wood
      - thicker with age
    - - lighter
      - moister
      - mostly consistent thickness
  - - - first wood formed
      - many wide vessels
      - wide tracheids
    - - less vessels
      - more strength
    - - early + late wood
      - one year of growth
    - - vessels throughout
    - - vessels restricted to early wood
  - - - derived from fusiform initials
      - always contains tracheary elements
      - contain fibers
    - - derived from ray initials
      - has ray parenchyma cells
        
        store nutrition
        
        upright cells
        
        procumbent cells
      - can contain ray tracheids
- - - - sieve tube members
      - companion cells
    - - sieve cells
- - - - outer bark contains cuticle
      - outer bark contains periderm
      - is smooth
    - - outer bark contains periderm
      - outer bark contains cortex
      - outer bark contains epidermis
  - - - look like cracks in bark
  - - - in structure
      - in morphogenic activity
    - - inner cells stay phellogen
      - outer cells turn into phellem
    - - phellem
      - phellogen
      - phelloderm
    - - all cells outside innermost cork cambium
    - - vascular cambium and innermost cambium
        
        is inner bark
- - - - pericycle
- - - - storage parenchyma increased by
        
        anomalous secondary growth
      - vascular cambium arise
        
        around individual vessels
      - xylem and phloem produced
        
        almost entirely made of parenchyma
    - - increased storage capacity
    - - provides protection to normal phloem
    - - some species of wood
        
        two very active cambium
        
        two almost inactive cambium
        
        stem grows outward in two directions
        
        stays thin in the other two
    - - no monocots have secondary growth
      - some do become tree like
      - joshua trees
        
        vascular cambium originates from cortex
        
        cambium produces only parenchyma
        
        non conducting
      - secondary vascular bundles
  - - - palm trunk made of primary tissue
      - vascular cambium never develops
      - true wood does not occur
      - secondary phloem does not occur
    - - increase in advenitious roots
      - increase in width
- - - - wood
    - - cork