Motivational Theories

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Taylorism

Herzberg's motivational theory

Mc Gregor's theory

Mayo's human relation school

BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

BELONGINGNESS AND LOVE NEEDS

ESTEEM NEEDS

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

PROBLEMS

Maslow 1908-1970

some levels of the hierarchy do not exist for some people

some rewards fit into more than one level

it can be difficult to recognize which level an individual is on

self actualization is never permanently achieved

TheoryY

Theory X

lower money need for physiological and security

higher job satisfaction

human works for fulfilling their needs

based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs

effort in work is as natural as playing

people will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, without external management or the threat of punishment

people accept and seek for responsibility

commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement

people dislike the work and will avoid what they should do

people have no initiatives

control is tight, circumstance is depressed, and produces are limited

management-worker

staff+staff

liberating and developmental, control, achievement and continuous improvement

The average person prefers to be directed; to avoid responsibility; is relatively unambitious, and wants security above all else

financial motivators

PROBLEMS

  • not all of the workers and industries are suitable for his best method

the price-rate system of payment was not always appropriate

people work for personal gain

if workers are paid sufficiently, they will work more effectively

break down workers job into simple processes & calculate how much output they should produce in a day

if employee achieve the target, they will be given more money

autocratic

x

piece rate

Hygiene factors

Motivators

company policies and administration

supervision

salaries, status, and security

working conditions and interpersonal relationship

achievements

recognition

interest in the task

responsibility for enlarged task

job enlargement

demoncratic

PROBLEMS

providing job enrichment can be very expensive

it is based on a very small sample

similar surveys have obtained very different results

job enrichment

job satisfaction

job rotation

relationships

working conditions

the skills of the workers

financial incentives