Motivational Theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Taylorism
Herzberg's motivational theory
Mc Gregor's theory
Mayo's human relation school
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
BELONGINGNESS AND LOVE NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
PROBLEMS
Maslow 1908-1970
some levels of the hierarchy do not exist for some people
some rewards fit into more than one level
it can be difficult to recognize which level an individual is on
self actualization is never permanently achieved
TheoryY
Theory X
lower money need for physiological and security
higher job satisfaction
human works for fulfilling their needs
based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs
effort in work is as natural as playing
people will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, without external management or the threat of punishment
people accept and seek for responsibility
commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement
people dislike the work and will avoid what they should do
people have no initiatives
control is tight, circumstance is depressed, and produces are limited
management-worker
staff+staff
liberating and developmental, control, achievement and continuous improvement
The average person prefers to be directed; to avoid responsibility; is relatively unambitious, and wants security above all else
financial motivators
PROBLEMS
- not all of the workers and industries are suitable for his best method
the price-rate system of payment was not always appropriate
people work for personal gain
if workers are paid sufficiently, they will work more effectively
break down workers job into simple processes & calculate how much output they should produce in a day
if employee achieve the target, they will be given more money
autocratic
x
piece rate
Hygiene factors
Motivators
company policies and administration
supervision
salaries, status, and security
working conditions and interpersonal relationship
achievements
recognition
interest in the task
responsibility for enlarged task
job enlargement
demoncratic
PROBLEMS
providing job enrichment can be very expensive
it is based on a very small sample
similar surveys have obtained very different results
job enrichment
job satisfaction
job rotation
relationships
working conditions
the skills of the workers
financial incentives