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Chemical Synthesis (The Haber Process) (Industrial uses (Crop production,…
Chemical Synthesis (The Haber Process)
Reaction conditions
Temperature
Increase temperature
Increase rate of reaction
particles collide
Decrease yeild
Decrease temperature
Increase yeild
favours exothermic reaction
Exothermic = forward reaction
Decrease rate of reaction
Compromise is made
400-450 degrees celcius
Anywhere between
300-500 degrees celcius
Catalysts
Iron catalyst
encourage N2 dissosication
potassium hydroxide improves catalysts
No affect on equillibrium
Pressure
The compromise
150-250 atmospheres
high pressure
favours reaction
that has fewer particles
(RHS)- in this case
therefore, more ammonia produced
expensive
Lower pressure
Easier
cheaper
Concentration
High concentration of
H2
favour forward reaction
Produces ammonia
N2
solution
Ammonia removed constantly
Yield and purity
Recycling
Each round
15% H and N used
After recycling 98% used
How to calculate yeild
Percent yield=actual yield/ theoretical yield×100 percent
Purity
Very pure
is the only product
anhydrous ammonia
over 99 percent
soluble in water
aqua ammonia
Industrial uses
Crop production
Mass agriculture
Fertilizer
Extremely cheep
Extremely effective
Refrigerant gas
Purification of water
manufacture plastics
textiles
Exlosives
pesticides
dyes/ bleaches
cleaner
Availability of reagents
Hydrogen
3-5% of worlds natural gas
From natural gas
fossil fuel
finite resource
concerns over running out
predited
nautural gas will run out
in 50 years
Nitrogen
From air
77% nitrogen
very available
The Haber process
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) <=> 2NH3 (g)
Produces ammonia
nitrogen based fertilisers
Aim
Maximise amonia
Minimise cost
N2(g)+3H2(g)↽−−⇀2NH3(g)
Avogadros law
1 mol of N2
For 3mol of H2
gases have same mol when
temperature is same
pressure is same
Le Chatelier's principle
shift reaction to right
as much as possible
to increase ammonia
Equilibrium reaction
'Fix' Nitrogen
a form plants can use
Impacts
Social
Pros
Ability to fix hydrogen
Limits crops produced
Estimated
1/3 -1/2 crops
made with fertilizer
Fetilizer from haber process
need more crops
Large population
Cons
Less fish
Limited food source
Used for explosives
Can destroy things
Environmental
Cons
Imbalance to nitrogen cycle
High fossil fuel
needs energy input
1%-2% world annual energy used
to maintain heat
negative effects on Soil
soil organisms
organic soil matter
Run off
ocean 'dead zones'
Eutrophication
Underwater plants grow larger
Block sunlight
Decrease photosynthesis
Decrease oxygen
Pro
Economic
Pro
Cheap fertilizer
more for less
Mass production
Con
Not energy efficient
High running costs
61-66% effective at best
Grigorii Soloveichik, 11/01/2017