A 34-year old male patient was recently diagnosed with AIDS and had tested positive for HIV a year ago. Until recently he had no symptoms.
What are the immediate effects on the body?
What are the indirect effects of this virus, and why is this called AIDS?
If untreated, what will happen?
Is his immune system working at all? If HIV destroys TH cells, what does this do to normal immune system physiology?
direct causes
Indirect
causes?
Explain how his initial HIV diagnosis has recently changed to one of AIDS.
Organs and cells of the immune system
The components and physiology of the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system
Functions of the specific leukocytes, focusing especially on the lymphocytes
The difference between a viral and bacterial infection and how they are treated
The lytic and lysogenic stages of a virus
The difference between HIV and AIDS
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can cause an immune compromised state called AIDS
The phage infects a cell.
The phage DNA circularizes, remaining separate from the host DNA
Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made. New phage particles are assembled.
The cell lyses, releasing phage
The phage infects a cell.
The phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome.
The cell divides, and prophage DNA is passed on to daughter cells.
Under stressful conditions, the phage DNA is excised from the bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle.
Thymus - matures T-lymphocytes
Viral infections are fought by lymphocytes while bacterial infections are fought by bacterial infections
Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics and other medications but viral infections do not respond to antibiotics
Viruses aren't living things while bacteria is.
Spleen - filters out foreign substances from blood
Tonsils - defend against foreign substances either inhaled/ingested
Lymph nodes - filters out foreign substances from lymph
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
Skin, mucous membranes
Neutrophils - fight bacterial infections
Basophils - release histamine
Monocytes - become macrophages
Eosinophils - fight parasitic worms
Lymphocytes - fight viral infections
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
T8 - only ones that actually attack
Bm - produces antibodies
Antibodies
T4 - produce TH1 and TH2 which activate T8 and Bm
You can have HIV without AIDS but you cannot have AIDS without HIV.
Innate - Immune system with first and second lines of defense; designed to prevent potentially harmful substances from entering body.
Adaptive - immune system with 3rd line of defense; designed to attack and destroy specific cells marked with antibodies.
Antibodies
T-cells
B-cells
1st defense: skin, mucous layers, saliva, nails, gagging, vomiting, etc.
2nd defense: Complements, inflammation, monocytes, eosinophils, NKC, basophils, etc.
HIV is a virus that attacks your immune system. However, AIDS is when you are in an immune-compromised state. The patient must haveh had the virus but only recently entered the immune compromised state.
Sexual transmission; unprotected sex
The HIV virus destroyed enough TH1 and TH2 cells to cause his immune system to stop functioning efficitently
Contact with infected blood
Yes, his T4 cells are working to produce TH1 and TH2, but they are being destroyed due to the HIV virus. Without TH1 and TH2, Bm cannot be activated to produce antibodies and T8 cannot be activated to attack infected cells. Immune system is unable to function at all.
Fatigue
Breastfeeding
Destruction of TH1 and TH2 cells
No antibodies, no T8
Immune system entirely stops working (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
unable to fight infections and diseases
Headaches
Muscle pain and rashes
swollen lymph glands
weight loss
severe coughing
diarrhea
AIDS itself is the state of being immune compromised, it does not kill the patient directly. Instead, the patient will eventually get more severe complications and die to those.
Tuberculosis
Kidney diseases
Liver failure
Cancers
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Neurological complications
Toxoplasmosis
heart diseases
Seizures