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34 Year Old Male Diagnosed with AIDS (AIDS (patient has recently been…
34 Year Old Male Diagnosed with AIDS
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Transmission by person infected with virus through bodily secretions
Blood
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Contaminated needles
unprotected sex practices
mother transmits to fetus
Virus that targets CD4 cells via their surface proteins
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Late and eventually fatal stage of HIV
HIV becomes AIDS once your CD4 cell count is less than 200
Healthy person has CD4 count between 500-1500
most people who acquire AIDS were never aware they had HIV or never received treatment for HIV
Immune System
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system returns leaked fluid to the blood, and lymphatic organs and tissues provide anatomical basis for the bodies defenses
Organs of Lymphatic System
Lymphatic capillaries
smallest of lymph transport vessels
weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries in loose connective tissues of body
contain flaplike minivalves
as interstitial fluid pressure increases the minivalves open, allowing fluid to enter
anchored by collagen filaments
Lacteals
special set of capillaries that carry absorbed fats called Chyle from small intestine to the bloodstream
Lymph
interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
Transport of Lymph
low pressure conduits, same mechanism that promote venous return in blood vessels act on lymph as well
milking action of active skeletal muscles
pressure changes in thorax during breathing
valves to prevent backflow
Lymphatic Vessels
usually follow pathways of veins but varies greatly between individuals
Lymphatic Trunks
largest of collecting vessels
drain large areas of the body
named for regions from which they drain lymph
paired are the Lumbar, Bronchomediastinal, Subclavian, Jugular, and the single Intestinal trunk
Lymphatic Ducts
Lymph is eventually delivered to one of two large ducts in thoracic region
Right Lymphatic Duct
drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax
empties into the blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins
Thoracic Duct
drains lymph from rest of body that right lymphatic duct does not drain
empties into the blood at the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins
Lymphoid Tissue
houses lymphocytes and provided a site where they can be activated and proliferate
an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages
Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers
found in virtually every body organ
Lymphoid Follicles (Nodules)
solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
form part of larger lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes
Primary Lymphoid Organs
where B and T cells MATURE
Red Bone Marrow
where B cells mature
Thymus
bilobed and found in center of chest
is where T cells mature
eventually atrophies as we become adults
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated
Lymph Nodes
hundreds of these throughout body
act as lymph ''filters'' cleansing it and is performed by Macrophages
Antigens brought to lymph nodes from point of entry by by dendritic cells which use the antigens to activate T cells in the lymph node
Spleen
largest of lymphoid organs
extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets and recycles their broken down products
Macrophages remove debris and foreign matter
stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
set of distributed lymphoid tissues located in the mucous membranes throughout the body
Tonsils
remove pathogens entering the pharynx in food or in inhaled air
Peyers Patches
lymphoid nodules located in distal portion of small intestine
Appendix
contains high concentration of lymphoid follicles off first part of large intestine
Innate Defenses
nonspecific defense system 1st and 2nd line of defense
1st line of defense
contain the skin and mucous membranes and their secretions
Acid
acidity of skin, vaginal, and stomach secretions
Acid Mantle inhibits bacterial growth
Enzymes
Lysozyme found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid in eye destroys bacteria
Mucin
sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory passageways, traps many microorganisms
Defensins
small antimicrobial peptides released by the skin and mucous membranes especially during inflammation
2nd line of defense (internal innate defenses)
cells and chemicals that act as second line of defense
Phagocytes
cells that eat pathogens
Neutrophils
most abundant white blood cell, becomes phagocytic upon encountering infectious material in the tissues
Macrophages
derive from white blood cells called monocytes that leave bloodstream, enter tissues, and develop into macrophages
Free Macrophages
wander throughout tissue spaces in search of cellular debris or foreign invaders
Fixed Macrophages
macrophages that are permanent residents of particular organs
Phagocyte Mobilization
Leukocytosis
Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
Margination
Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
Diapedesis
Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
Chemotaxis
Neutrophils follow chemical trail
Natural Killer Cells
police body in blood and lymph, kill cancer and virus infected body cells before adaptive immune system is activated
kill by directly contacting target cell and inducing it to undergo apoptosis
Inflammation
response to tissue injury caused by trauma, heat, chemicals, or infection
Inflammatory Chemicals
chemicals released by injured or stressed tissue cells and immune cells
Histamine
promotes vasodilation
Kinins
induce chemotaxis of leukocytes
Prostaglandins
induce neutrophil chemotaxis
Complement
proteins that circulate in blood and amplify the inflammatory process
Pyrogens
chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages that increase body temperature
Interferons
proteins released by infected viral cells that warn neighboring cells of viral infection
Adaptive Defenses
3rd line of defense (Specific)
Cells of Adaptive Immune System
APC's (Antigen Presenting Cells)
cells that present antigens to the cells that will deal with the antigens
Dendritic Cells
very efficient antigen catchers, once have phagocytized an antigen they travel to nearby lymphatics and present the antigen to T cells
Macrophages
widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissues
B Lymphocytes
present antigens to helper T cells in order to obtain help in their own activation
B Lymphocytes
Humoral immune response cells that secrete antibodies
target extracellular pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and some viruses in extracellular fluids)
Originate in Red Bone Marrow and Mature there as well
Memory B Cell
primed to respond to same antigen if encountered again later
Effector B cell (Plasma Cell)
cells that secrete the antibodies that then circulate the body marking free antigens for destruction
T Lymphocytes
cellular immunity, are best suited for cell to cell interactions
CD4 Cells
usually become helper T Cells
help activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages, and direct adaptive immune response
CD8 Cells
become cytotoxic T cells
destroy cells in the body that are invaded or cancer cells
SOME CD4 cells
become regulatory T cells
which moderate the immune response, help slow down immune response so Tc cells dont damage our own cells
Memory T Cells
allow t cell to remember antigen and quickly respond incase it encounters same antigen in the future
Major Histocompatability Complexes (MHC)
MHC Class I
all cells contain these and they compose of endogenous proteins (proteins made from inside the cell) that tell roaming immune cells that everything is ok inside the cell as long as they are healthy
MHC Class II
used by dendritic, machrophages, and B cells. These bind to fragments of exogenous antigens and displayed on their MHC Class II cell so T cells can see what to go after, because T cells cant recognize complete antigens these are essential
Bacterial Vs. Viral Infection
Bacterial
What is it?
bacteria is a living organism that hass DNA and RNA, cell wall, and cell membrane
What it does?
bacteria grow live and fight to help fight foreign substances by breaking down cells
Good or bad?
about 90% are good and only 10% are bad
Spreads in body
reproduces usually by sexual reproduction
Infection?
usually localized
Treatment?
by Antibiotics or Antibacterials
Viral
What is it?
small infectious agent has DNA and RNA but no cellular structures and only lives inside the cells of other living organisms
What it does?
a virus invades and takes over cells and cannot exist without a living host
Good or Bad?
All bad
Spreads in body
by invading host and takes over the cell and reprograms it to make copies of the viral DNA/RNA. Then destroys host cell releasing new virus DNA/RNA
Infection?
Systemic
Treatment?
Vaccine or Antivirals
Lytic Vs Lysogenic Cycle
Lytic
Infects a cell
phage DNA circularizes remaining seperate from the host DNA
Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made, new phage particles are made
the cell Lysis, releasing phage
Lysogenic
the phage infects a cell
the phage DNA becomes incorporated with the host genome
the cell divides and prophage DNA is passed onto daughter cells
under stressful conditions the phage DNA is excised from bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle
HIV vs AIDS
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
can look or feel healthy even with the virus
can pass the virus to others through bodily fluids
targets CD4 cells via their surface proteins
hijacks the cell and directs it to make new copies of viral RNA and proteins so that the virus can multiply and infect other cells, in the process it destroys the Helper T Cell
eventually makes the adaptive immune system totally non existent due to low number of the absolutely essential Helper T Cells
can be prevented from progressing to AIDS if treatment is started early enough to support immune system but virus itself is non curable at this time
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
is a late stage of the HIV virus
usually referred to as AIDS once CD4 count drops to below 200
at some point becomes fatal due to total compromise of immune systems ability to fight even the simplest of infections
AIDS
patient has recently been diagnosed with full blown AIDS which means his CD4 count is below 200
normal values for CD4 count are between 500-1500
without his helper T cells his adaptive immune system response is virtually non existent. His T Cells are unable to recognize foreign invaders due to the death of his helper T cells and are unable to produce cytotoxic T cells. B cells are also unable to reach their full potential due to the compromise of his T cells
his cell to cell immunity is virtually gone due to the virus effect on his own T cells
his innate defenses are continuing to fight off infections as best they can but this is not enough to keep him alive and without his adaptive immune system functioning eventually is innate defenses will become overwhelmed by pathogens
he cannot take antibiotics because those are only used for bacterial infections and will do nothing against a viral infection
at some point the patient came in contact with a person infected with HIV and some kind of their bodily fluid made it into his body
eventually a simple pathogen will fully compromise the patients immune system and he will die from that pathogen
AIDS is more a symptom than a disease itself, a person cannot be infected directly with AIDS, instead HIV progresses into AIDS
Patient will eventually suffer severe symptoms that will absolutely disrupt his quality of life