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34 year old male, diagnosed with AIDS, after testing positive for HIV…

- - - - weakens immune system
        
        attacts CD4 cells
      - damages and estroys cell
        
        move on to infect more cells
  - - - sysmptomatic HIV
      - more likely to pass on the virus
    - - substance use or abuse
      - unhealthy diet
      - no physical activity
      - smoking
  - - - goes untreated
        
        HIV (virus) continues to replicate
        
        infect other cells
        
        eventually destroys them
        
        especifically CD4 cells
    - - bellow 200
        
        the body no longer protect the body
        
        develops AIDS
    - - CD4 cell count
        
        less than 200
      - AIDs defining infections
        
        infections in someone with HIV or AIDS
    - - stage 1. acute stage
        
        first few weeks after transmission
      - stage 2. clinical latency
      - stage 3. AIDS
- - - - destroys CD4 cells
        
        consequence
        
        less killing
        
        cancerous or abnormal cells
        
        foreign cells
        
        infected cell
        
        less helper T cells
        
        other cells unable to active
        
        less activated B cells
        
        less T cells
        
        less memory memory cells
        
        less helper T cells
        
        less macrophages
        
        less activated T cells
        
        less cytokines
        
        less interleukins
        
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        less regulatory T cells
        
        moderate the immune response
        
        prevent autoimmune reactions
        
        less memory T cells
        
        secondary exposure
        
        response is slow and inefficiently
    - - in 8-10 years
        
        turns in to AIDs
        
        affects body ability to fight infections
        
        eventually body will not be able to fight
        
        resulting in death
        
        examples
        
        candidiasis
        
        fungal infection in mouth, throat or vagina
        
        cypto
        
        fungus
        
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        cryptosporidiosis
        
        infections of microscopic animals
        
        MAC
        
        bacteria that causes fevers, digestion problems and weight loss
        
        herpes simplex
        
        viruses that cause sores around mouth and genitals
    - - anxiety and depression
        
        stress caused from having the condition
      - Neuropathy
        
        pain and weakness cause of nerve damage
      - seizures
        
        inflammation in the brain
      - cough
        
        could be a sig of tuberculosis
      - swollen glands
        
        body trying to fight the infection
      - Kidney damage
        
        caused by HIV associated nephropathy
      - eating problems
        
        problems affecting mouth
        
        hard to eat
      - respiratory infections
        
        HIV makes it hard to fight off respiratory problems
      - diarrhea
        
        infectious agents can lead to diarrhea
        
        dehydration
- - - - second line of defense
        
        after first line has been penetrated
        
        identify harmful substances
        
        binds to infectious organism
        
        pattern recognition receptors
        
        Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
        
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        internal defenses
        
        antimicrobial proteins
        
        function
        
        enhance innate defenses
        
        attacking microorganisms directly
        
        hindering their ability to reproduce
        
        interferons (IFNs)
        
        help protect cells that have not yet been infected
        
        diffuse to nearby cells
        
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        complement
        
        mejor mechanism for destroying foreign substances in body
        
        enhances the effectiveness of bot innate and adaptive defenses
        
        plasma proteins circulating in blood in an inactive state
        
        activation
        
        classical pathway
        
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        lectin pathway
        
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        alternative pathway
        
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        phagocytes
        
        neutrophils
        
        most abundant WBC
        
        become phagocytic encountering pathogens
        
        macrophages
        
        derive from monocytes (wbc) and enter tissue
        
        free macrophages
        
        free in tissue space
        
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        fixed macrophages
        
        permanent residents of particular organs
        
        phagocytosis
        
        steps
        
        forms pseudopods that engulf pathogen, forming phagosome
        
        lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle
        
        toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens
        
        exocytosis removes indigestible and residual material
        
        phagocyte adheres to pathogens using receptors
        
        opsonins
        
        provide handles for phagocyte receptors
        
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        when unable to digest target
        
        release toxic chemicals into extracellular fluid
        
        respiratory burst
        
        liberate highly destructive free radicals
        
        producing oxidizing chemicals
        
        increases phagolysosome's pH and osmolarity
        
        fever
        
        abnormally high body temperature
        
        in response to microorganisms
        
        pyrogens
        
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        increase metabolic rate
        
        speed up repair processes
        
        natural killer cells
        
        group of defensive cells that can kill infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
        
        large granular lymphocytes
        
        nonspecificity
        
        kill by directly contacting the target cell and undergo apoptosis
        
        secrete chemicals that enhance inflammation
        
        inflammation
        
        nonspecific response to any tissue injury
        
        signals of inflammation
        
        redness
        
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        heat
        
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        swelling
        
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        pain
        
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        effects
        
        prevent spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
        
        disposes of cell debris and pathogens
        
        alert the adaptive immune system
        
        sets the stage for repair
        
        chemicals
        
        histamine
        
        granules of mast cells and basophils
        
        vasodilation
        
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        exudate
        
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        kinins
        
        plasma protein
        
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        prostaglandins
        
        fatty acid molecules
        
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        cytokines
        
        cell to cell communication
        
        complement
        
        plasma protein
        
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        Phagocyte Mobilization
        
        leukocytosis
        
        neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
        
        Margination
        
        Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
        
        diapedesis
        
        neutrophils flatten and squeeeze out of capillaries
        
        chemotaxis
        
        neutrophil follow chemical trial
      - first line of defense
        
        surface barriers
        
        mucosae
        
        line body cavities that open to exterior
        
        digestive
        
        mucus
        
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        gastric juice
        
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        respiratory
        
        nasal hairs
        
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        cilia
        
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        urinary
        
        acid pH inhibits bacterial growth
        
        reproductive
        
        acid mantle of vagina
        
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        skin
        
        epidermis
        
        keratin
        
        resistant to most acids and bases
        
        bacterial enzymes
        
        toxins
    - - charactersicts
        
        specific
        
        attack identified foreign substances
        
        systematic
        
        recognize target identifed pathogens that initiated the response
        
        memory
        
        after initial exposure
        
        recognizes previous pathogens
        
        involve B and T lymphocytes
      - third line of defense
        
        B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
        
        Antigen-precenting cells (APCs )
        
        help T Cells recognize their antigens
        
        engulf antigens and present fragments as signal flags
        
        types of APCs
        
        dendritic cells
        
        phagocytosis
        
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        macrophages
        
        present antigent to T cells
        
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        B lymphocytes
        
        present antigens to helper T cells
        
        lymphocytes
        
        development, maturity and activation
        
        origin
        
        both B and T cells originate in red bone marrow
        
        maturation
        
        T cells migrate to thymus and mature there
        
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        B cells mature in the bone marrow
        
        there they develop
        
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        Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
        
        leave thymus and bone marrow
        
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        Antigen encounter and activation
        
        when lymphocytes receptors bind to its antigen
        
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        activation and differentiation of B cells
        
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        Proliferation and differentiation
        
        lymphocytes multiply and differentiate
        
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        Humoral immunity
        
        Active
        
        naturally acquired
        
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        artificially acquired
        
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        Passive
        
        naturally acquired
        
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        artificially acquired
        
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        T lymphocytes
        
        best suited for cell to cell interactions
        
        activated T cells
        
        kill body cells
        
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        structure
        
        inactive CD4
        
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        inactive CD8
        
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        Antigen presentation
        
        class I MHC proteins
        
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        class II MHC proteins
        
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        activation and differentiation of T cells
        
        antigen presentation
        
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        double recognition
        
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        clone formation
        
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        cytokines
        
        chemical messengers
        
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      - antigens and haptens
        
        antigens
        
        types
        
        complete
        
        immunogenicity
        
        ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to multiply
        
        reactivity
        
        ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by body
        
        incomplete antigen/ haptens
        
        non protein
        
        require carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen
        
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        mobilize the adaptive defenses
        
        antigenic determinants
        
        parts that are immunogenic
        
        where antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind
        
        self-antigens
        
        not foreign or antigenic to you
        
        MHC prtoteins
        
        cell surface proteins that identify a cell as self
        
        major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
        
        code for MHC proteins
      - Antibodies
        
        immunoglobulins
        
        proteins secreted in response to an antigen by plasma cells
        
        classes
        
        IgM (pentamer)
        
        first one secreted by plasma cells during primary response
        
        readily activates complement
        
        IgA (dimer)
        
        in body secretions
        
        saliva,sweat, intestinal juice, milk
        
        help stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial cell surfaces
        
        IgD (monomer)
        
        found on the B cell surface
        
        functions as a B cell antigen receptor
        
        IgG (monomer)
        
        most abundant antibody in plasma, 75-85% of circulation antibodies
        
        main antibody for both secondary and primary responses
        
        activates complement
        
        IgE (monomer)
        
        trigger cells to release histamine and other chemicals
        
        function
        
        Neutralization
        
        antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacteria
        
        virus cannot bind to receptors on tissue cells
        
        agglutination
        
        it can bind to more than one antigen at a time
        
        causing clumping, agglutination
        
        precipitation
        
        soluble molecules are cross-linked into large complexes
        
        complement activations
        
        membrane attack complexes may insert into the antigenic cells
        
        cell lysis
    - - lymphatic vessels
        
        network of drainage vessels
        
        collect interstitial fluid and return it to bloodstream
        
        lymph
        
        interstitial fluid inside lymphatic vessel
      - lymphatic capillaries
        
        between tissue cells and blood capillaries
        
        permeable
        
        flaplike minivalves
        
        collagen filaments
        
        lacteals
        
        absorb fat in small intestines
      - lymphoid cells
        
        lymphocytes
        
        T cells
        
        manage immune response
        
        directly attack and destroy infected cells
        
        B cells
        
        protect body
        
        produe
        
        plasma cells
        
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        macrophages
        
        Dendritic cells
        
        capture antigens and brings them to lymph nodes
        
        reticular cells
        
        produce reticular fiber stroma
      - lymphoid tissue
        
        diffuse lymphoid tissue
        
        loose lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers
        
        lymphoid follicles
        
        solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
      - lymphoid organs
        
        primacy lymphoid organs
        
        red bone marrow
        
        while blood cell production
        
        thymus
        
        where T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent lymphocytes
        
        secondary lymphoid organs
        
        lymph nodes
        
        cleanse the lymph
        
        spleen
        
        site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
        
        MALT
        
        set of distributed lymphoid tissues
        
        tonsils
        
        palatine tonsils
        
        lingual tonsil
        
        pharyngeal tonsil
        
        tubal tonsils
        
        peyers patches
        
        cluster of lymphoid follicles in small intestines
        
        appendix
        
        first part of large intestines
        
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  - - - coughing and sneezing
      - contact with infected people
      - contact with contaminated surfaces, food and water
      - contact wit infected creatures,
        
        pets, livestock, insects
    - - characteristics
        
        complex, single celled creatures
        
        can reproduce on their own
        
        can survive different environments
        
        good and bad bacteria
      - treatment
        
        antibiotics
      - diagnosis
        
        pattern of symptoms
        
        location
        
        time
        
        severity of your symptoms
        
        lab work
        
        urine test
    - - characteristics
        
        smaller than bacteria
        
        protein coat and a core of genetic material, RNA or DNA
        
        cannot survive without a host
        
        reproduce by attaching to a cell
        
        goes inside and reproduce
        
        eventually destroy the cell
        
        most cause diseases
      - treatment
        
        antiviral medications
        
        inhibit the viral life cycle
        
        examples
        
        oseltamivir
        
        valacyclovir
        
        try to relief symptoms
        
        drinking fluids
        
        rest
        
        OTC pain medications
      - diganosis
        
        antibody test
        
        viral antigen detection test
        
        viral culture
        
        viral DNA or RNA detection test
      - viral life cycle
        
        lytic cycle
        
        attachment
        
        the phage attaches to the surface of host
        
        penetration
        
        the viral DNA enters the host cell
        
        Biosynthesis
        
        Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made
        
        maturation
        
        new phage particles are assembled
        
        lysis
        
        the cell lyses, releasing the newly made phages
        
        lysogenic cycle
        
        the phage infects the cell
        
        the phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome
        
        the cell divides and prophage DNA is passed on to daughter cells
        
        prophage DNA is enters lytic cycle
    - - good hygiene
        
        wash your hands
      - vaccinated
        
        exp
        
        mmeasles
        
        influenza
        
        tetanus
        
        whooping cough
      - safe sex
        
        use protection
      - protect against bug bites
        
        insect repellent
  - - - makes it less effective
        
        without treatment
        
        immune system eventually become damage and can't fight infections and diseases
        
        example
        
        HIV destroys CD4 cells
        
        causing
        
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        viral load
        
        CD4 cell count
        
        less than 200 CD4 in cubic millimeter
        
        AIDs defining infections
        
        infections in someone with HIV or AIDS
    - - fever
      - headaches
      - fatigue
      - swollen lymph nodes
      - skin rash
    - - antiretrovirals
        
        stop HIV replication
      - no cure
    - - sexually
        
        unprotected sex
      - infected blood
        
        sharing needles
        
        blood transfusions
      - mother to child during pregnancy