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The Birth of the "Modern" in the Fourteenth Century (Ibn Khaldun…
The Birth of the "Modern" in the Fourteenth Century
Neolithic Revolution (ca. 10000 BCE)
"the new stone age"
1) Europe, Asia and Africa (wheat and rice)
2) One in the Americas (maize or corn)
Agriculture
Cyclical: cycles which lead to overpopulation
Reliance on seasonal production
Depletion and replenishment of soil
emerging 10,000-12,000 years ago
Silk Roads
between the Roman Empire (202/27 BC-476 CE [1453 Eastern]) and the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE)
Spread of Buddhism
Monks spread Mahayana Buddhism along the overland of silk roads
Theravada Buddhism expanded along maritime trade routes (the Maritime Silk Road) to the southeast into Southeast Asia
Spread of Islam
began with the "recitations"
(Qu'ran)
by the angel Gabriel to the prophet Mohammed in 610 in a cave near the city of Mecca
writings in classic Arabic that were a kind of third testament to the "People of the Book"
spread rapidly in the southern half of the old Roman Empire and then into Persia and along the Silk Road into Afghanistan and India
Mongol Empire (1206-1368)
unified under Ghengis Khan in 1206
continued after his death (1227) to expand into China, Islamic territories, and Europe
Mixture of religions, including Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism.
they end Abbasid rule and the Islamic caliphate
More started converting to Islam and began to use Persian in Arabic script to rule
Taking advantage of the silk road
Major World Religions
Buddhism
Islam
Believe in the "Five Pillars"
Monotheism: A statement of belief in one God called the Shahadah
Prayer five times per day or Salat
Fasting during the month of Ramadan called Sawm
Charity or Zaka
Pilgrimage or the Hajj to the holy city of Mecca
Mosque is a center of worship
Islamic World System (ca. 1200-1350)
Christianity
between 500 CE and 1450 CE
Black Plague (ca. 1330-1350)
destroyed the Mongol empire
Theory 1: plague came out of Burma or China in the 1330's and reached Europe by way of the Silk Road in 1347
Theory 2: The plague came out of the Black Sea region in 1347 (Byzantium or southern Russia) and largely affected only Europe and North Africa until 1352.
Abraham Cresques (1325-1387)
The World Map (1375)
Separated into 4 different sections. The Catalan Atlas illustrates many sea charts and cities and marks them with different symbols.
He created the manuscript Fahri Bible.
Kingdom of Aragon
Catalan mappamundi
Mansa Musa (1280-1337)
emperor of Mali Empire (Musa I of Mali)
very knowledgeable when it came to Arabic
first Muslim ruler in Africa
prepared for many years and traveled to the holy city of Mecca crossing the Atlantic Ocean
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)
Islamic writer in Tunis, North Africa
wrote the Muqaddimah in 1377
believes each empire has the ability to create and destroy itself
parents died from plague
values history and labor effort which helped the rise of cities
cyclical theory explains sovereign powers from beginning to end