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Respiration (upstream causes (70-year-old, female, moved to Denver, CO,…

- - - - When a gas is in contact with the surface of a liquid, the amount of the gas which will go into solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
        
        in the gas exchange processes in respiration, the solubility of carbon dioxide is about 22 times that of oxygen when they are in contact with the plasma of the human body.
    - - When gases are dissolved in liquids, the relative rate of diffusion of a given gas is proportional to its solubility in the liquid and inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass.
        
        Graham's law may be applied to the process that occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
    - - The net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane is proportional to the difference in partial pressure, proportional to the area of the membrane and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.
        
        The total membrane surface area in the lungs (alveoli ) allows for a very effective gas exchange interface.
  - - - Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli (air sacs) in our lungs, which contain capillaries. The partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the external environment than in the capillaries, so oxygen diffuses into the capillaries. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher inside the capillaries than in the external environment, so carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries.
        
        Barometric pressure (PB) decreases in a nonlinear
        fashion with altitude
        
        The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere remains constant (20.9%), but atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) reduces proportionally with PB.
        
        Reduced atmospheric PO2 leads to a decrease
        in alveolar partial pressures of oxygen
        
        Increased sympathetic activity leads to an initial increase in cardiac output (Q). This is primarily achieved by an increase in heart rate (HR).
- - - - Left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can be deadly. In some instances, it may be fatal even if you receive treatment.
        
        If pulmonary edema continues, it can raise pressure in the pulmonary artery (pulmonary hypertension), and eventually the right ventricle in your heart becomes weak and begins to fail. The right ventricle has a much thinner wall of muscle than does the left side of your heart because it is under less pressure to pump blood into the lungs. The increased pressure backs up into the right atrium and then into various parts of your body, where it can cause:
        
        Lower extremity and abdominal swelling
        
        Buildup of fluid in the membranes that surround your lungs (pleural effusion)
        
        Congestion and swelling of the liver
  - - - Pulmonary heart disease (PHD) refers to altered structure or function of the right ventricle occurring in association with abnormal respiratory function. Although nearly always associated with some degree of PH, the degree, nature, severity, and causality of PH in relation to the PHD is not necessarily linear and direct. Abnormal gas exchange is a fundamental underpinning of PHD, affecting pulmonary vascular, cardiac, renal, and neurohormonal systems.
      - Direct and indirect effects of chronic respiratory disease can disrupt the right ventricular-pulmonary arterial (RV-PA) interaction and, likewise, factors such as sympathetic nervous system activation, altered blood viscosity, and salt and water retention can function in a feedback loop to further influence RV-PA function
      - Left heart function may also be affected, especially in those with pre-existing left heart disease.
      - pulmonary heart disease feedback loop error