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EIT Week 9- WW1 and the Home Front (Germany (1916- Hindenburg Program…
EIT Week 9- WW1 and the Home Front
Britain- 1in 8 mobilised
Germany- 1 in 6 mobilised
France- 1 in 5 mobilised
War Mobilisation and State Response
Beginning of War
Lack of Planning
Reactive
Ineffective
Crisis management e.g. munitions production
End of War
Centralised government
Control of economy
Mass organisation
More effective
Austria-Hungary
Raw material allocation
Industrial draft
Military control of munitions and mining
Controlled distribution of food
1918- widespread starvation
Britain
Understood as a forced temporary measure
No monopoly of grain
US assistance
Rationing only at end of war
In General
Spread of new tech
Beneficiaries in long-term
Industrial managers
Organised labour
Military
Industrial performance- military performance
Germany
40% of agricultural workforce into industry
Alternate workforce sources
Reduced supply
1916- Hindenburg Program
Priority to war-related industry
40% labour civilian casualties
Conscription of men for workforce
44.1% labour war-related industries
Blockade and loss of trade partners
Food control
France
Government and industrialists
Workers could look for better conditions
Food imports
Late 1917- rationing of bread
Russia
Complete intervention in some sectors
Bad distribution of food
Mostly ineffective state
Effectiveness and Impact
Central Powers
- fewer resources- blockade- weaker allies- general disorganisation
Allies Advantages
- population- military personnel- armament production- food supply- US help- better mobilisation
Resources and better integrated society= victory
1880s to 1914- mass immigration to US
1823- Monroe Doctrine declared- President Monroe tells Europeans and GB to stay away from Australia
'The Great Rapprochement'- coming together of US and GB c.1890
1898- US vs Spain
1861-65- almost war with GB
1812- US vs GB
19 August 1914- US declares neutrality
June 1917- 14,000 US troops in France
June 1918- Chateau-Thierry
June 1918- 1million US troops in France
September 1918- Saint Mihiel
May 1918- Cantigny
June 1918- Belleau Wood
March 1918- 250,000 troops in France
September 1918- Meuse-Argonne
6th April 1917- US declares war
US war effort
War to save democracy
President Wilson's 14 Points (1918)
War to stop German aggression and militarism
The ease with which war material could be delivered, and the speed with which it was consumed, tested to the limits the economic supply that the belligerents could command- made access to global economy matter as never before-
T. Balderston, 'Industrial Mobilisation and War Economies' in A Companion to World War One
The longer the war lasted, the greater the advantage conferred on the Allies by their power to harness the world economy to their own efforts