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TMA 04 - According to Hume, are inferences from past experiences to future…
TMA 04 - According to Hume, are inferences from past experiences to future experiences rationally justified? Is he right?
What are inferences ?
Deduction - Conclusions that dont derive from our observations, merely our reasoning, such as the premise to conclusion.
Can it be used in nature? probably not as we are use to what we experience to deduce things.
B4.P55
Deductive Arguments - If the premises are true, then the conclusions are also true. EG - P1, All men are mortal. P2 - Socrates is a man. C - Socrates is mortal. B4.P49
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Inductive Arguments - That if the idea of the premises are true it does not mean that the conclusion is true. This can be in relation to other factors that could influence the conclusion. Eg - P1- the printer does not work, P2 - On other occasions in which the printer has not worked it has been a paper jam. C -1 There is a paper jam in the printer
B4.P58
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What does Hume think?
Geometry and algebra do not require us to investigate how things are (Relations of ideas) which we establish by thinking. The study of ideas rather than things in the world.
Rationally Justified? - Hume says it was not rationally justified to take our past experiences to future experiences as the bread example of being nourishing based on the properties that we cannot experience.
"The problem of Induction" - This means that it is conceivable in induction argument that the premises are true even though it leads to a false conclusion. B4.P65
Contradictions - Hume on miracles - Setbook P 433/4 talks about "there is no rational, noncircular way for science to proceed from limited data to general conclusions about the behaviour of natural phenomena". & "...nature has kept us at a great distance from all her secrets..."
This goes against when he said against miracles
Hume believes that we do not think rationally as the example of dogs when they see a can they think they are going to get food from it as a means of inferring about what will occur. Humans do the same.
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Expectations, such as habits of inferences . Leads to irrational practices it is such some thing we do. Audio
Is he right?
nature is uniform B4.P72, Can we justify it
Justify induction, by using induction, The sun will rise tomorrow because it has always done so,
Hume believes we learn from our experiences if we start doing things going against inductive arguments then we may
He believes it is not reasoning that teaches us but experience, fire example of a baby touching fire. It is not reason it is experience.
Something in human nature that leans towards experiences, such as babies and not knowing that fire burns.
Laws of nature, is an inferred observation of natural phenomena, but Hume is saying that we cannot rationally justify it. B4.P77
Priori Knowldege - Knowledge that does not require experience in order to be gained. (arithmetic and geometry)
Posteriori Knowledge - Knowledge that needs experiences in order to be gained. (Physics and astronomy)
B4.P54